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Keithley 6220 DC User manual

Manual is about: 6220 DC Current Source 6221 AC and DC Current Source

Summary of 6220 DC

  • Page 1

    Www.Keithley.Com e c n e d i f n o c f o e r u s a e m r e t a e r g a www.Keithley.Com e c n e d i f n o c f o e r u s a e m r e t a e r g a model 6220 dc current source model 6221 ac and dc current source users manual 622x-900-01 rev. C / october 2008 model 6220 dc current source model 6221 ac and...

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    Warranty keithley instruments, inc. Warrants this product to be free from defects in material and workmanship for a period of one (1) year from date of shipment. Keithley instruments, inc. Warrants the following items for 90 days from the date of shipment: probes, cables, software, rechargeable batt...

  • Page 5

    Model 6220 dc current source model 6221 ac and dc current source user’s manual ©2004, keithley instruments, inc. All rights reserved. Cleveland, ohio, u.S.A. Third printing, october 2008 document number: 622x-900-01 rev. C.

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    Safety precautions 11/07 the following safety precautions should be observed before using this product and any associated instrumentation. Although some instruments and accessories would normally be used with non-hazardous voltages, there are situations where hazardous conditions may be present. Thi...

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    For maximum safety, do not touch the product, test cables, or any other instruments while power is applied to the circuit under test. Always remove power from the entire test system and discharge any capacitors before: connecting or disconnecting cables or jumpers, installing or removing switching c...

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    Table of contents 1 getting started introduction ............................................................................................................. 1-2 user’s manual content and structure ............................................................... 1-2 capabilities and features ..........

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    2 output connections output connectors ................................................................................................... 2-2 triax connector ................................................................................................ 2-2 ground points .............................

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    Front panel sweep operation ................................................................................... 4-5 using the sweep configuration menu ............................................................... 4-5 performing a staircase sweep .......................................................

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    6 averaging filter, math, and buffer averaging filter ....................................................................................................... 6-2 averaging filter characteristics ........................................................................ 6-2 filter setup and control ......

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    List of illustrations 1 getting started figure 1-1 models 6220 and 6621 front panels .................................................................... 1-5 figure 1-2 model 622x rear panel ........................................................................................ 1-8 figure 1-3 menu ...

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    7 wave functions (6221 only) figure 7-1 offset example ................................................................................................... 7-4 figure 7-2 duty cycle .......................................................................................................... 7-5 figure 7...

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    List of tables 3 dc current source operation table 3-1 source ranges and maximum outputs ................................................................. 3-2 table 3-2 dc output commands ....................................................................................... 3-15 4 sweeps table 4-1 ...

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    1 getting started section 1 topics introduction , page 1-2 menus , page 1-13 user’s manual content and structure , page 1-2 config menus , page 1-13 capabilities and features , page 1-2 direct access menus , page 1-13 general information , page 1-3 editing controls , page 1-14 warranty information ,...

  • Page 18

    1-2 getting started model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 1 topics introduction user’s manual content and structure this user’s manual is provided as a hardcopy and is also provided on the sup- plied product information cd in pdf format. The user’s manual is an abbreviated version of the o...

  • Page 19

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual getting started 1-3 return to section 1 topics general information warranty information warranty information is located at the front of this manual. Should your model 622x require warranty service, contact the keithley representative or authorized repair facility in you...

  • Page 20

    1-4 getting started model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 1 topics to the shipping agent immediately. Save the original packing carton for possible future shipment. Before removing the model 622x from the bag, observe the fol- lowing handling precautions. Handling precautions • always gras...

  • Page 21

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual getting started 1-5 return to section 1 topics figure 1-1 models 6220 and 6621 front panels 6220 precision current source range edit/ local config power range auto exit enter math menu recall units addr comm disp trig filt dc pres swp mode delta 0 1 0000 + / - save setu...

  • Page 22

    1-6 getting started model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 1 topics 1 special keys and power switch: edit/local dual function – while in local, edit selects the source editing mode. While in remote, local cancel the remote mode. Config use to configure a function or operation. Power power s...

  • Page 23

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual getting started 1-7 return to section 1 topics bottom row save saves up to five instrument setups for future recall, and selects power-on setup. Setup restores a default setup (preset or *rst) or a user saved setup. Triax configures triax connector: inner shield and out...

  • Page 24

    1-8 getting started model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 1 topics rear panel summaries the rear panel of the models 622x is shown in figure 1-2 . The model 6221 rear panel is shown, but the model 6220 is identical except it does not have the ether- net connector. The descriptions of the r...

  • Page 25

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual getting started 1-9 return to section 1 topics 4 digital i/o male db-9 connector. Four pins for digital output, one pin for start of test (sot) trigger, and one for external voltage (vext) input. 5 rs-232 female db-9 connector: • for rs-232 operation, use a straight-thr...

  • Page 26

    1-10 getting started model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 1 topics warning when handling the model 622x, never touch the heat sink located on the right side of the case. This heat sink could be hot enough to cause burns. Caution never place a container of liquid (e.G., water, coffee, etc....

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    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual getting started 1-11 return to section 1 topics • rack mounting high power dissipation equipment adjacent to the model 622x could cause excessive heating to occur. The specified ambient temperature must be maintained around the surfaces of the model 622x to specified ac...

  • Page 28

    1-12 getting started model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 1 topics warning the power cord supplied with the model 622x contains a sepa- rate ground wire for use with grounded outlets. When proper connections are made, instrument chassis is connected to power line ground through the ground...

  • Page 29

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual getting started 1-13 return to section 1 topics menus many aspects of operation are configured through menus. A direct access menu can be opened by pressing a single key, and other menus require that the congif key be pressed before pressing another key. Config menus mo...

  • Page 30

    1-14 getting started model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 1 topics model 6221: ampl opens menu to set ampl: (value) ( section 7 ). Freq opens menu to set freq (frequency) ( section 7 ). Main menu the main menu is a direct access menu that is opened by pressing the menu key. Menu items inc...

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    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual getting started 1-15 return to section 1 topics model 6220 menu navigation after entering a menu structure, use the editing keys as follows: selecting menu items 1. Use the cursor keys to place the blinking cursor on a menu item to be opened or selected. 2. Press the en...

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    1-16 getting started model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 1 topics model 6221 menu navigation editing for the model 6221 is basically the same as editing for the model 6220, except for the following differences: • cursor control is provided by the cursor keys located under the rotary knob...

  • Page 33

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual getting started 1-17 return to section 1 topics remote interface for remote operation, one of the following interfaces can be used: gpib, rs-232, and (for the model 6221) ethernet. When using the gpib, the scpi or ki-220 lan- uage can be used. Gpib at the factory, the g...

  • Page 34

    1-18 getting started model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 1 topics default settings the model 622x can be restored to one of seven setup configurations: five user- saved setups, preset (bench defaults), and *rst (bus defaults). As shipped from the factory, the model 622x powers up to the ...

  • Page 35

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual getting started 1-19 return to section 1 topics select power-on setup power-on to preset defaults: press setup > select power on > select preset power-on to *rst defaults: press setup > select power on > select *rst power-on to user setup: press setup > select power on ...

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    1-20 getting started model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 1 topics.

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    2 output connections section 2 topics output connectors , page 2-2 triax connector , page 2-2 ground points , page 2-3 lo and guard banana jacks , page 2-3 interlock , page 2-4 output configurations , page 2-5 triax inner shield , page 2-6 triax output low , page 2-7 guards , page 2-8 triax cable gu...

  • Page 38

    2-2 output connections model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 2 topics output connectors triax connector current source output is accessed at the 3-lug female triax connector on the rear panel. Use a 3-slot male triax cable to make connections to this connector. A triax cable terminated wit...

  • Page 39

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual output connections 2-3 return to section 2 topics shield connection setting. See “ triax cable guard ” on page 2-8 for details on using the cable guard. Outer shield – the outer shield of the triax connector is always connected to earth ground of the model 622x (see “ g...

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    2-4 output connections model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 2 topics guard banana jack the guard available at the banana jack is different from cable guard that can be accessed at the triax cable. See “ guards ” on page 2-8 for more informa- tion. Interlock the model 622x is equipped with...

  • Page 41

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual output connections 2-5 return to section 2 topics output configurations there are four configurations that can be used for current source output: • triax inner shield is connected to output low , which is connected to earth ground (see figure 2-4 a). • triax inner shiel...

  • Page 42

    2-6 output connections model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 2 topics figure 2-5 output configurations – triax inner shield connected to cable guard triax inner shield the inner shield of the triax connector can be connected to output low (to be compatible with the keithley 220 current sou...

  • Page 43

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual output connections 2-7 return to section 2 topics commands for triax inner shield connection: example – turns off the current source output and connects the inner shield of the output connector to cable guard: output off output:ishield guard triax output low output low ...

  • Page 44

    2-8 output connections model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 2 topics guards the model 622x provides two guards: triax cable guard and banana jack guard. Cable guard – this guard provides a voltage that is at essentially the same potential as output high of the model 622x. Guarding may gre...

  • Page 45

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual output connections 2-9 return to section 2 topics when to use cable guard when to use cable guard is a judgement call that must be made by the user. In general, cable guard is used to reduce leakage current for high-impedance dut, and reduce capacitance in the triax cab...

  • Page 46

    2-10 output connections model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 2 topics basic connections basic connections can be used for low voltage (not greater than 30vrms, 42vpeak) testing where guarding and/or noise shielding are not required. Basic connections to a dut are shown in figure 2-6 . Use...

  • Page 47

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual output connections 2-11 return to section 2 topics figure 2-7 noise shield safety shield connections a safety shield must be used whenever hazardous voltages ( > 30vrms, 42vpeak) will be present. The metal safety shield must completely surround dut test cir- cuitry and ...

  • Page 48

    2-12 output connections model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 2 topics figure 2-9 cable guard connections – triax inner shield connected to cable guard a safety shield must be used whenever hazardous voltages ( > 30vrms, 42vpeak) will be present in the test circuit. Figure 2-10 shows how t...

  • Page 49

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual output connections 2-13 return to section 2 topics using a test fixture in order to faciliate safe operation and optimum performance, a safety test fixture with a built-in interlock switch must be used. The interlock switch of the test fixture is to be connected to the ...

  • Page 50

    3 dc current source operation section 3 topics current source output capabilities , page 3-2 source ranges , page 3-2 compliance , page 3-3 output power (source or sink) , page 3-3 output response , page 3-5 setting source and compliance , page 3-8 source and compliance editing , page 3-8 sourcing c...

  • Page 51

    3-2 dc current source operation model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 3 topics current source output capabilities • nine ranges to source current from 100fa to 105ma. • compliance can be set from 0.1v to 105v in 10mv steps. • maximum output power is 11w. • four quadrant (source and sink) s...

  • Page 52

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual dc current source operation 3-3 return to section 3 topics compliance the compliance setting limits the output voltage of the model 622x. The voltage compliance limit can be set from 0.1v to 105v in 10mv steps. The output will not exceed the programmed compliance level....

  • Page 53

    3-4 dc current source operation model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 3 topics when operating as a sink, the model 622x is dissipating power rather than sourc- ing it. The polarity of the current and voltage seen at the output is opposite (one positive, one negative). An external source or...

  • Page 54

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual dc current source operation 3-5 return to section 3 topics figure 3-2 output boundaries (source and sink) output response output response is the time it takes for an output change to settle to within 1% of its final value. For the model 6220, output response (settling t...

  • Page 55

    3-6 dc current source operation model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 3 topics for example, assume the model 6221 is on the 2ma range and fast response is selected. For this configuration, the settling time is specified at 2µs (typical). Also assume the load impedance is 1k Ω . With the an...

  • Page 56

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual dc current source operation 3-7 return to section 3 topics response speed setting (6221 only) the filter response speed of the model 6221 can be set for fast or slow. For the slow setting, the output response of the model 6221 is the same as the out- put response of the...

  • Page 57

    3-8 dc current source operation model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 3 topics setting source and compliance source and compliance editing from the front panel cannot be performed from the front panel if the model 622x is in remote. To return to the local state, press the local key. For re...

  • Page 58

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual dc current source operation 3-9 return to section 3 topics source/compliance editing notes the following notes apply to source editing for both the models 6220 ( figure 3-3 ) and 6221 ( figure 3-4 ): 1. The displayed source and/or compliance value can only be edited if ...

  • Page 59

    3-10 dc current source operation model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 3 topics figure 3-4 source and compliance editing – model 6221 perform the following steps to set source and compliance values for the model 6221. The notes in the steps refer to the “ source/compliance editing notes ” ...

  • Page 60

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual dc current source operation 3-11 return to section 3 topics autorange front panel operation the auto range key is a single action control to select the best fixed range for the displayed source value. After setting a source value, pressing auto will ensure that the best...

  • Page 61

    3-12 dc current source operation model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 3 topics source preset the pres key can be used to set the source to a preset value and range. When the pres key is pressed, the source will select the preset range and set the pre- set value. The preset value is set as...

  • Page 62

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual dc current source operation 3-13 return to section 3 topics remote programming – autorange can be used when setting the i-source value. With autorange enabled, the model 622x will automatically select the optimum (lowest) range to accommodate the source value. The comma...

  • Page 63

    3-14 dc current source operation model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 3 topics example – enables the analog filter and, for the model 6221, sets the output response to fast: 4. Turn on the output. The output key toggles the output state (on or off). When the output is turned on, the outpu...

  • Page 64

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual dc current source operation 3-15 return to section 3 topics remote programming – source output commands table 3-2 lists the commands to configure and control the dc output. A program- ming example to output dc current is also provided. 1. To select a fixed source range,...

  • Page 65

    3-16 dc current source operation model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 3 topics programming example the following programming example shows a typical command sequence to con- figure and control the dc output: applications some applications for the model 622x are summarized below. See appen...

  • Page 66

    4 sweeps section 4 topics sweep overview, page 4-2 linear staircase sweep, page 4-2 logarithmic staircase sweep, page 4-2 custom sweep, page 4-2 sweep characteristics, page 4-4 custom sweep editing, page 4-4 using auto-copy with custom sweeps, page 4-4 source ranging, page 4-4 sweep delay, page 4-5 ...

  • Page 67

    4-2 sweeps model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 4 topics sweep overview as shown in figure 4-1 , the model 622x current source can generate three types of dc current sweeps. Linear staircase sweep with this sweep type, the current increases or decreases in specific steps, begin- ning with...

  • Page 68

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual sweeps 4-3 return to section 4 topics figure 4-1 comparison of sweep types bias start 5ma (stop) bias start stop 0.1ma 1ma 10ma 100ma bias first point last point a. Linear staircase sweep b. Logarithmic staircase sweep logarithmic scale shown for staircase steps. C. Cus...

  • Page 69

    4-4 sweeps model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 4 topics sweep characteristics custom sweep editing a typical custom sweep editing display is shown below: p12345: +1.234567 ma del:123456.789s cmpl:100.00 v the leftmost value on the top line is the point number, and the next value is the a...

  • Page 70

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual sweeps 4-5 return to section 4 topics sweep delay the sweep delay parameter determines how long the model 622x will remain on each sweep step once the output current is set to the step value. For linear and logarithmic staircase sweeps, the sweep delay period is the sam...

  • Page 71

    4-6 sweeps model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 4 topics performing a staircase sweep 1. Configure source functions : a. If desired, set the bias current (output current prior to the start of the sweep) by pressing the dc key and then setting the current to the desired value. B. Select th...

  • Page 72

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual sweeps 4-7 return to section 4 topics performing a custom sweep 1. Configure the bias current (output current prior to the start of the sweep) by pressing the dc key and then setting the current to the desired value. 2. Configure the sweep as follows : a. Press config t...

  • Page 73

    4-8 sweeps model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 4 topics remote sweep operation procedures for programming and running a sweep are shown on the following pages. Each of these procedures includes commands for a typical sweep exam- ple. Table 4-2 summarizes parameters for each of these exam...

  • Page 74

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual sweeps 4-9 return to section 4 topics running a staircase sweep 1. Configure source functions . Examples – the following commands restore defaults, set the bias current to 100 μ a, and the compliance to 10v: 2. Configure the sweep . Examples – the following commands con...

  • Page 75

    4-10 sweeps model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 4 topics running a custom sweep 1. Configure source functions . Examples – the following commands restore defaults and set the bias current to 50 μ a: 2. Configure the sweep . Examples – the following commands configure a single custom swee...

  • Page 76

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual sweeps 4-11 return to section 4 topics scpi commands — sweeps commands for linear and logarithmic staircase sweeps are listed in table 4-3 , while commands for custom (list) sweeps are listed in table 4-4 . Table 4-3 staircase sweep commands (linear and logarithmic) com...

  • Page 77

    4-12 sweeps model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 4 topics table 4-4 custom (list) sweep commands command description source[1]:list:current [,, ...] defines list of currents. = -0.105 to 0.105 (a) source[1]:list:current:append [,, ...] adds current points to existing list. = -0.105 to 0.1...

  • Page 78

    5 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance section 5 topics operation overview , page 5-2 delta , page 5-13 model 622x measurement process , page 5-13 test systems , page 5-4 configuration settings , page 5-15 keithley instrumentation requirements , page 5-4 operation , page 5-16 system conf...

  • Page 79

    5-2 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics operation overview the model 6220 or 6221 current source can be used with a model 2182/2182a nanovoltmeter to perform delta and differential conductance. The model 6221/2182a combination can...

  • Page 80

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-3 return to section 5 topics figure 5-1 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance measurements delta reading 1st 622x i-source0 1st delta cycle 2nd delta cycle i-high i-low 3rd delta cycle 4th delta cycle delta r...

  • Page 81

    5-4 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics test systems keithley instrumentation requirements keithley instrumentation requirements for delta, pulse delta, and differential con- ductance are: • models 6220 and 2182 – delta and differ...

  • Page 82

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-5 return to section 5 topics serial communications in order to perform delta, pulse delta, or differential conductance measure- ments, the model 622x must communicate to the model 2182/2182a over the serial (rs-232) int...

  • Page 83

    5-6 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics trigger link – the trigger link synchronizes triggering between the current source and the nanovoltmeter. Trigger link connections assume that the model 2182/2182a is using the factory defau...

  • Page 84

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-7 return to section 5 topics figure 5-4 system connections – pc control of model 622x ethernet ieee-488 rs-232 trigger link rs-232 ieee-488 trigger link 8501 trigger link cable pc or ieee-488 cable ethernet cross-over c...

  • Page 85

    5-8 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics dut test connections warning before making or breaking test connections, the models 622x and 2182/2182a must be turned off and the line cords must be disconnected from ac line power. Dut tes...

  • Page 86

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-9 return to section 5 topics configuring communications for both front panel and remote operation, the rs-232 of the model 2182/2182a must be enabled (on), and the selected communications interface for the model 622x mu...

  • Page 87

    5-10 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics arming and starting the test arming – after a delta test is configured, the test is armed by pressing the delta key, pulse key (pulse delta), or cond key (differential conductance). For rem...

  • Page 88

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-11 return to section 5 topics readings display readings display reading examples: +1.23456 nv delta delta voltage reading +1.23456 Ω delta delta ohms reading +1.23456 s d cond differential conductance siemens reading +1...

  • Page 89

    5-12 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics the default units for the model 622x is volts. With ohms ( Ω ) units or siemens (s) units selected, a reading is calculated as follows: Ω = v/i s = i/v where: v is the delta, pulse delta, o...

  • Page 90

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-13 return to section 5 topics read commands the model 622x does not perform measurements. However, raw readings are sent from the model 2182/2182a to the model 622x to calculate delta, pulse delta, or differential condu...

  • Page 91

    5-14 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics figure 5-6 delta measurement technique the following equation can be used to calculate any delta reading: where: x, y, and z are the three a/d measurements for a delta reading. N = delta cy...

  • Page 92

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-15 return to section 5 topics measurement units the fundamental measurement for delta is voltage (volts; v). However, the volt- age reading can converted into a conductance (siemens; s), resistance (ohms; Ω ), or power ...

  • Page 93

    5-16 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics operation delta operation – front panel the system configuration for front panel stand-alone operation is shown in figure 5-2 a on page 5-5 . 1. Connections are shown in the following illus...

  • Page 94

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-17 return to section 5 topics 8. When finished, press exit to disarm delta. 9. On the model 622x, press recall to access the delta readings stored in the buffer. Operation – pc control the system configuration for pc co...

  • Page 95

    5-18 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics examples – the following commands demonstrate proper syntax for sending commands and returning responses to queries over the serial port: 4. Set measurement units – volts are the default un...

  • Page 96

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-19 return to section 5 topics 6. Read delta readings – while delta is running, the latest model 2182/2182a delta reading can be read by the model 622x using the following command: the above read command reads the last d...

  • Page 97

    5-20 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics 1. Use the :nvpresent command to determine if a suitable model 2182/2182a with the correct firmware revision is properly connected to the rs-232 port. This query command can be used for the...

  • Page 98

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-21 return to section 5 topics pulse delta use the keithley model 2182a with the model 6221 to run pulse delta. Model 6221 measurement process pulse delta measurements for pulse delta, the model 6221 outputs current puls...

  • Page 99

    5-22 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics where: y is the measurement at the high pulse. X is the measurement at the first low pulse. Measurement units the fundamental pulse delta measurement explained above is in volts. The read- ...

  • Page 100

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-23 return to section 5 topics like the fixed output shown in figure 5-8 , a sweep output is synchronized to the frequency of the power line voltage, and the pulse width is adjustable and is the same for all pulses. The ...

  • Page 101

    5-24 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics figure 5-8 pulse timing i-high i-low power line voltage 1 2 pulse width 3 pulse width 3 pulse width 3 one line cycle 4 one line cycle 4 one line cycle 4 one line cycle 4 low high low one li...

  • Page 102

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-25 return to section 5 topics figure 5-9 pulse sweep output examples low 0ma a) staircase sweep pulse train: 2 to 10ma in 2ma steps b) logarithmic sweep pulse train: 1 to 10ma using 5 logarithmic 5.6234ma 3.1623ma 1.778...

  • Page 103

    5-26 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics duty cycle duty cycle defines the ratio between pulse “on” time and pulse “off” time during a pulse delta cycle. For example, for a 25% duty cycle, the pulse would be “on” (high) for one-qu...

  • Page 104

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-27 return to section 5 topics fixed output settings the following parameters are set from the config pulse delta menu that is accessed by pressing the config key and then the pulse key. I-hi and i-lo these settings spec...

  • Page 105

    5-28 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics interval the pulse delta cycle time period (interval) is expressed as a number of power line cycles (plc). For 60hz one plc is 16.667ms, and for 50hz, one plc is 20ms. Interval can be set f...

  • Page 106

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-29 return to section 5 topics operation pulse delta operation – front panel the system configuration for front panel stand-alone operation is shown in figure 5-2 a on page 5-5 . 1. Connections are shown in the following...

  • Page 107

    5-30 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics to set the measurement units, press the units key to display the reading units menu. Select volts , ohms , watts, or siemens . When watts is selected, you will then be prompted to select th...

  • Page 108

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-31 return to section 5 topics the following query command is used to return the response to a query command sent over the serial port: system:communicate:serial:enter? When communicating over the serial port, there are ...

  • Page 109

    5-32 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics b. The initiate command starts pulse delta readings. After the specified finite number of pulse delta readings are performed, pulse delta will stop running. At this point another initiate c...

  • Page 110

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-33 return to section 5 topics 1. Use the :nvpresent command to determine if a suitable model 2182a with the correct firmware revision is properly connected to the rs-232 port. The rs-232 cannot be the selected interface...

  • Page 111

    5-34 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics 3. When using a fixed output, use the sour:pdel:int command to set the pulse delta cycle time period (in plcs). When using sweep output, use the sour:del command to set the pulse delta cycl...

  • Page 112

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-35 return to section 5 topics also calculate, display, and store the differential conductance (dg) or differential resistance (dr) for each calculated point..

  • Page 113

    5-36 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics figure 5-10 differential conductance measurement process 10µa [(a-b)/2] + [(c-b)/2] 2 start stop step dv #1 (-1) 0 = —————————— · step step step step step dv calc #1 dv calc #4 start = 0µa ...

  • Page 114

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-37 return to section 5 topics differential conductance calculations dv calculations while the dv calculations for the first six dv readings are shown in figure 5-10 , the following formula can be used to calculate any d...

  • Page 115

    5-38 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics measurement units the fundamental measurement for differential conductance is differential voltage (dv). However, the dv reading can be converted into a differential conductance (dg), diffe...

  • Page 116

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-39 return to section 5 topics delay – the delay for differential conductance is used to allow the current source to settle when the output changes to the next stepped delta level. This delay occurs after a trigger from ...

  • Page 117

    5-40 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics to set the measurement units, press the units key to display the reading units menu. Select volts , ohms , watts, or siemens . Measurement units can be changed while differential conductanc...

  • Page 118

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-41 return to section 5 topics the following query command is used to return the response to a query command sent over the serial port: system:communicate:serial:enter? When communicating over the serial port, there are ...

  • Page 119

    5-42 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics a. Trace points specifies the size of the buffer. Buffer size should be the same value as the number of differential conductance readings in the test. See section 6 for details on all buffe...

  • Page 120

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance 5-43 return to section 5 topics 1. Use the :nvpr? Command to determine if a suitable model 2182/2182a with the correct firmware revision is properly connected to the rs-232 port. This query command can be used for the sys...

  • Page 121

    5-44 delta, pulse delta, and differential conductance model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 5 topics the query form for the arm command (sour:dcon:arm?) is used deter- mine if differential conductance is armed. A returned “1” indicates that differ- ential conductance is armed. A “0” indica...

  • Page 122

    6 averaging filter, math, and buffer section 6 topics averaging filter , page 6-2 averaging filter characteristics , page 6-2 filter setup and control , page 6-4 remote programming – averaging filter , page 6-4 math , page 6-7 mx+b and m/x+b (reciprocal) , page 6-5 configuring mx+b and m/x+b , page ...

  • Page 123

    6-2 averaging filter, math, and buffer model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 6 topics averaging filter the average filter can be used with delta, pulse delta, and differential conduc- tance. There are two types of averaging filter: moving and repeating. “ filter type ” is explained on page...

  • Page 124

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual averaging filter, math, and buffer 6-3 return to section 6 topics filter type there are two averaging filter types: moving and repeating. Moving filter basic moving filter operation – for the moving filter, every delta reading yields a filtered delta reading. Every time...

  • Page 125

    6-4 averaging filter, math, and buffer model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 6 topics filter window the averaging filter uses a “noise” window to control filter threshold. As long as the signal remains within the selected window, a/d conversions continue to be placed in the stack. If the s...

  • Page 126

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual averaging filter, math, and buffer 6-5 return to section 6 topics programming example — repeating average filter this command sequence configures and enables the repeating filter for differen- tial conductance: math mx+b and m/x+b (reciprocal) these math functions affec...

  • Page 127

    6-6 averaging filter, math, and buffer model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 6 topics configuring mx+b and m/x+b to select and configure mx+b and m/x+b from the front panel, press config then math . Select the math function ( mx+b or m/x+b ), then enter the required parameters (m and b). O...

  • Page 128

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual averaging filter, math, and buffer 6-7 return to section 6 topics buffer the model 622x has a buffer (data store) to store readings and related data ele- ments for one to 65,536 buffer readings. Buffer readings are readings from the model 2182/2182a that were processed ...

  • Page 129

    6-8 averaging filter, math, and buffer model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 6 topics buffer statistics the following statistics are available on the stored buffer readings: • min and max provides the minimum and maximum readings stored in the buffer. It also indicates the buffer location ...

  • Page 130

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual averaging filter, math, and buffer 6-9 return to section 6 topics buffer statistics – while in buffer recall, use the edit/local key (see figure 6-1 ). Each press of this key displays the next statistic. After the last statistic is displayed (std dev), pressing edit/loc...

  • Page 131

    6-10 averaging filter, math, and buffer model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 6 topics.

  • Page 132

    7 wave functions (6221 only) section 7 topics wave function overview, page 7-2 front panel wave function operation, page 7-8 setting waveform parameters, page 7-3 using the wave function menu, page 7-8 editing parameters, page 7-3 generating a sine wave, page 7-10 amplitude and offset editing, page ...

  • Page 133

    7-2 wave functions (6221 only) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 7 topics wave function overview table 7-1 summarizes the basic characteristics of the four wave functions avail- able in the model 6221. More details on various aspects can be found in the fol- lowing paragraphs. Table 7-...

  • Page 134

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual wave functions (6221 only) 7-3 return to section 7 topics setting waveform parameters editing parameters the ampl and freq keys also function as left arrow and right arrow keys, respectively, when editing a numeric value or scrolling through a menu. Amplitude and offset...

  • Page 135

    7-4 wave functions (6221 only) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 7 topics arbitrary waveform ranging the arbitrary waveform is described in normalized units from -1 to +1. See the fol- lowing example: ranging: best amplitude: 10ma peak offset: 0ma arb values: range from +1 to -1 these ...

  • Page 136

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual wave functions (6221 only) 7-5 return to section 7 topics duty cycle for a square wave figure 7-2 a, the duty cycle setting is the portion of the total cycle that the wave is high relative to the period of the waveform. For a ramp waveform figure 7-2 b, the duty cycle c...

  • Page 137

    7-6 wave functions (6221 only) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 7 topics phase marker the phase marker ( figure 7-3 ) allows you to set a pulse marker that defines a specific point of a waveform over a range of 0 to 360°. The phase marker signal is a 1 μ s pulse that appears on the se...

  • Page 138

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual wave functions (6221 only) 7-7 return to section 7 topics duration the duration setting defines how long the waveform is generated. You can set the duration in time over a range of 100ns to 999999.999s, in cycles from 0.001 to 99999999900 cycles (provided the equivalent...

  • Page 139

    7-8 wave functions (6221 only) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 7 topics front panel wave function operation using the wave function menu to configure wave functions, press config then wave, then make your selec- tions from table 7-2 below. See the detailed procedures for each wave fu...

  • Page 140

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual wave functions (6221 only) 7-9 return to section 7 topics more expand to show additional menu items: trig-mode man/bus none tlnk-#1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 configure low jitter external waveform triggering: 2 disable external trigger mode (default). Enables external trigger mode...

  • Page 141

    7-10 wave functions (6221 only) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 7 topics generating a sine wave 1. If you intend to use fixed ranging, manually set the range high enough to accommodate both the amplitude and offset setting. 2. Configure the waveform as follows : a. Press config then ...

  • Page 142

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual wave functions (6221 only) 7-11 return to section 7 topics generating an arbitrary waveform 1. If you are using the fixed range setting, manually set the range to a high enough setting to accommodate the expected amplitude and offset set- tings. 2. Configure the wavefor...

  • Page 143

    7-12 wave functions (6221 only) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 7 topics remote wave function operation procedures for programming and generating waveforms for sine and arbitrary waveform types are given on the following pages. Each of these procedures includes commands for a typical...

  • Page 144

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual wave functions (6221 only) 7-13 return to section 7 topics programming sine waves 1. Restore defaults with this command : *rst 2. Configure the waveform . Examples – the following commands configure a 1khz sine wave with an amplitude of 10ma, 1ma offset, and phase marke...

  • Page 145

    7-14 wave functions (6221 only) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 7 topics programming arbitrary waveforms 1. Restore defaults with this command : *rst 2. Configure the waveform . Examples – the following commands configure a 100khz arbitrary wave with an amplitude of 25ma, 0ma offset,...

  • Page 146

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual wave functions (6221 only) 7-15 return to section 7 topics scpi commands — wave functions commands for wave functions are listed in table 7-4 . Table 7-4 waveform function commands command description default source[1]:wave:function selects wave function. = sinusoid, sq...

  • Page 147

    7-16 wave functions (6221 only) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to section 7 topics source[1]:wave:arm arms 6221 for waveform output. Source[1]:wave:initiate starts waveform output. Source[1]:wave:abort aborts waveform output. Source[1]:wave:duration:time sets waveform time duration. = 100e-9 t...

  • Page 148

    A specifications.

  • Page 149

    Keithley instruments, inc. Cleveland, ohio 44139 drn. Ckd. App. Date date date part number ltr revisions app. Date form 28777a-sbg bruning 40-21 62198-sbg specifications hw 1/17/05 rev b page 1 of 2 spec-6220 a released 29842 sz 6/08/04 b 40096e revised sz 1/17/05 hw 6/11/04 sk 6/11/04 6220 programm...

  • Page 150

    Keithley instruments, inc. Cleveland, ohio 44139 drn. Ckd. App. Date date date part number ltr revisions app. Date form 28777a-sbg bruning 40-21 62198-sbg specifications hw 1/17/05 rev b page 2 of 2 spec-6220 a released 29842 sz 6/08/04 b 40096e revised sz 1/17/05 hw 6/11/04 sk 6/11/04 6220 programm...

  • Page 151

    Keithley instruments, inc. Cleveland, ohio 44139 drn. Ckd. App. Date date date part number ltr revisions app. Date form 28777a-sbg bruning 40-21 62198-sbg specifications company confidental hw 1/17/05 rev b page 1 of 1 spec-6220 a released 29842 sz 6/08/04 b 40096e revised sz 1/17/05 hw 6/11/04 sk 6...

  • Page 152

    Keithley instruments, inc. Cleveland, ohio 44139 drn. Ckd. App. Date date date part number ltr revisions app. Date form 28777a-sbg bruning 40-21 62198-sbg specifications hw 1/17/05 rev b page 1 of 2 spec-6221 a released 29843 sz 6/11/04 b 40096e revised sz 1/17/05 hw 6/11/04 sk 6/11/04 6221 ac and d...

  • Page 153

    Keithley instruments, inc. Cleveland, ohio 44139 drn. Ckd. App. Date date date part number ltr revisions app. Date form 28777a-sbg bruning 40-21 62198-sbg specifications hw 1/17/05 rev b page 2 of 2 spec-6221 a released 29843 sz 6/11/04 b 40096e revised sz 1/17/05 hw 6/11/04 sk 6/11/04 6221 ac and d...

  • Page 154

    Keithley instruments, inc. Cleveland, ohio 44139 drn. Ckd. App. Date date date part number ltr revisions app. Date form 28777a-sbg bruning 40-21 62198-sbg specifications company confidental hw 1/17/05 rev b page 1 of 1 spec-6221 a released 29843 sz 6/11/04 b 40096e revised sz 1/17/05 hw 6/11/04 sk 6...

  • Page 155

    B scpi tables (abridged) appendix b tables the scpi tables in this section are structured as follows: • only the shortform version of the command words and parameters are used. • most optional commands, which are denoted by brackets ([ ]), are not included. • most of the query commands are not inclu...

  • Page 156

    B-2 scpi tables (abridged) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to appendix b tables table b-1 calculate command summary command description default calc calc commands (math calculations): :form select math format: none, mxb (mx+b), or rec (m/x+b) mxb :kmat configure math calculations: :mmf set “m” ...

  • Page 157

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual scpi tables (abridged) b-3 return to appendix b tables table b-3 format command summary command description default form reading format commands: [:data] specify data format: asc, sre, or dre asc :elem specify data elements: read, tst, unit, rnum, sour, comp, avol (or a...

  • Page 158

    B-4 scpi tables (abridged) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to appendix b tables table b-6 source command summary command description default sour current source output commands: :cle clearing the current source: [:imm] set output to zero and then turn the output off. :curr current source: [:amp...

  • Page 159

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual scpi tables (abridged) b-5 return to appendix b tables :compliance [,, ...] define list of compliance values (volts): 1e-3 to 105 :app [,, ...] add compliance values to existing list: 1e-3 to 105 :delta delta operation: :nvpr? Query connection to 2182/2182a: 1 = yes, 0 ...

  • Page 160

    B-6 scpi tables (abridged) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to appendix b tables :wave wave function operation: :func select wave function: sin, squ, ramp or arbx (x = 0 to 4). Sin :dcyc set duty cycle (in %): 0 to 100 50 :ampl set amplitude (amps peak): 2e-12 to 105e-3. 1e-3 :freq set frequency...

  • Page 161

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual scpi tables (abridged) b-7 return to appendix b tables table b-7 status command summary command description default status commands status registers: note 1 :measurement measurement event registers: [:event]? Read the event register. Note 2 :enable or program the enable...

  • Page 162

    B-8 scpi tables (abridged) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to appendix b tables table b-8 system command summary command description default :syst :comm communication interfaces: :sel select interface: serial, gpib, or ethernet. :gpib gpib interface: :addr set primary address: 0 to 30. :ser rs-...

  • Page 163

    Model 6220/6221 user’s manual scpi tables (abridged) b-9 return to appendix b tables :abo analog board: :snum? Query serial number of analog board. :rev? Query revision level of analog board. :dbo digital board: :snum? Query serial number of digital board. :rev? Query revision level of digital board...

  • Page 164

    B-10 scpi tables (abridged) model 6220/6221 user’s manual return to appendix b tables table b-10 trigger command summary command* description default init trigger initiation: [:imm] initiate one trigger cycle. Off abor reset trigger system. Arm arm layer commands: :sour select event detector: imm, t...

  • Page 165

    Index a accessories 1-4 analog filter 3-5 applications 3-16 arbitrary waveforms 7-7 arming and starting the test 5-10 averaging filter 6-1 commands 6-5 filter count 6-2 filter window 6-4 moving filter 6-3 repeating filter 6-3 setup and control 6-4 b banana jack guard 2-8 buffer 6-7 buffer data eleme...

  • Page 166

    K keys function 1-6 operation 1-6 output control 1-7 range 1-7 special 1-6 l leakage current 2-8 line power connection 1-11 lo banana jack 2-3 m math commands 6-6 mx+b and mx/b 6-5 measurement units 5-13 menu navigation 1-14 menus 1-13 config 1-13 direct access 1-13 o operating boundaries 3-4 option...

  • Page 168

    Service form model no. Serial no. Date name and telephone no. Company list all control settings, describe problem and check boxes that apply to problem. ❏ intermittent ❏ analog output follows display ❏ particular range or function bad; specify ❏ ieee failure ❏ obvious problem on power-up ❏ batteries...

  • Page 171

    Specifications are subject to change without notice. All keithley trademarks and trade names are the property of keithley instruments, inc. All other trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective companies. A g r e a t e r m e a s u r e o f c o n f i d e n c e keithley instruments,...