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  5. User Manual

Lakeshore 331E User Manual

Summary of 331E

  • Page 1

    User’s manual model 331 temperature controller includes coverage for: model 331s and model 331e lake shore cryotronics, inc. 575 mccorkle blvd. Westerville, ohio 43082-8888 usa e-mail addresses: sales@lakeshore.Com service@lakeshore.Com visit our website at: www.Lakeshore.Com fax: (614) 891-1392 tel...

  • Page 2

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual a limited warranty statement warranty period: one (1) year 1. Lake shore warrants that this lake shore product (the “product”) will be free from defects in materials and workmanship for the warranty period specified above (the “warranty perio...

  • Page 3: Declaration of Conformity

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual declaration of conformity we: lake shore cryotronics, inc. 575 mccorkle blvd. Westerville oh 43082-8888 usa hereby declare that the equipment specified conforms to the following directives and standards: application of council directives: ......

  • Page 4

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual c electromagnetic compatibility (emc) for the model 331 temperature controller electromagnetic compatibility (emc) of electronic equipment is a growing concern worldwide. Emissions of and immunity to electromagnetic interference is now part o...

  • Page 5: Table of Contents

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table of contents chapter/paragraph title page 1 introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.0 product description ......

  • Page 6

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table of contents (continued) chapter/paragraph title page 3 installation ...................................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.0 general ....

  • Page 7

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table of contents (continued) chapter/paragraph title page 4.5.2 resistor sensor curve selection ................................................................................................. 4-13 4.5.3 thermocouple sensor curve selection ...

  • Page 8

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table of contents (continued) chapter/paragraph title page 6.1.2.1 bus control commands ............................................................................................................. 6-2 6.1.2.2 common commands ...................

  • Page 9: List of Illustrations

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table of contents (continued) chapter/paragraph title page 8.9.2.3 diode input ranges calibration ................................................................................................ 8-12 8.9.2.4 resistive input ranges calibration...

  • Page 10: List of Tables

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual vi table of contents list of tables table no. Title page 1-1 sensor temperature range ......................................................................................................................... 1-4 1-2 typical sensor performance...

  • Page 11: Chapter 1

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual introduction 1-1 chapter 1 introduction 1.0 product description the model 331 temperature controller combines the easy operation and unsurpassed reliability of the model 330 with improved sensor input and interface flexibility, including comp...

  • Page 12

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual product description (continued) sensor inputs for both versions of the model 331 are factory configured and compatible with either diode/rtds or thermocouple sensors. The purchaser’s choice of two diode/rtd inputs, one diode/rtd input and one...

  • Page 13

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual line input assembly serial (rs-232c) i/o (dte) heater output ieee-488 interface terminal block (for relays and analog output) sensor input connectors figure 1-1. Model 331s rear panel connections configurable display both versions of the mode...

  • Page 14

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 1.1 sensor selection table 1-1. Sensor temperature range model useful range magnetic field use diodes silicon diode dt-670-sd 1.4 k to 500 k t ≥ 60 k & b ≤ 3 t silicon diode dt-670e-br 30 k to 500 k t ≥ 60 k & b ≤ 3 t silicon diode dt-414 1.4...

  • Page 15

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table 1-2. Typical sensor performance example lake shore sensor temp nominal resistance/ voltage typical sensor sensitivity 7 measurement resolution: temperature equivalents electronic accuracy: temperature equivalents temperature accuracy in...

  • Page 16

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 1.2 specifications table 1-3. Input specifications sensor temperature coefficient input range excitation current display resolution measurement resolution electronic accuracy electronic control stability 11 diode negative 0 v to 2.5 v 10 µa ±...

  • Page 17

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual specifications (continued) control control loops two on 331s, one on 331e control type closed loop digital pid with manual heater output, or open loop tuning autotune (one loop at a time), pid, pid zones control stability sensor dependent – t...

  • Page 18

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual specifications (continued) front panel display 2 line by 20 character, 9 mm character height, vacuum fluorescent display number of reading displays 1 to 4 display units k, °c, v, mv, Ω reading source temperature, sensor units, max, min, and l...

  • Page 19

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual specifications (continued) general ambient temperature 15 °c to 35 °c at rated accuracy, 10 °c to 40 °c at reduced accuracy power requirement 100, 120, 220, 240 vac, (+6%, -10%), 50 or 60 hz, 120 va size 216 mm w × 89 mm h × 368 mm d (8.5 in ...

  • Page 20

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual safety summary (continued) ventilation the instrument has ventilation holes in its side covers. Do not block these holes when the instrument is operating. Do not operate in an explosive atmosphere do not operate the instrument in the presence...

  • Page 21: Chapter 2

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual chapter 2 cooling system design 2.0 general selecting the proper cryostat or cooling source is probably the most important decision in designing a temperature control system. The cooling source defines minimum temperature, cool-down time, and...

  • Page 22

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 2.1.3 environmental conditions the experimental environment is also important when choosing a sensor. Environmental factors such as high vacuum, magnetic field, corrosive chemicals, or even radiation can limit the use of some types of sensors...

  • Page 23

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual traditional calibration (continued) calibrated sensors include the measured test data printed and plotted, the coefficients of a chebychev polynomial that has been fitted to the data, and two tables of data points to be used as interpolation ...

  • Page 24

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual band band 2 k* - 2 k* - 100 k 100 k 100 k - 100 k - 305 k 305 k 305 k - 305 k - 375 k 375 k 11 ±0.25 k ±0.5 k ±1.0 k 11a ±0.25 k ±1% of temp. 12 ±0.5 k ±1.0 k ±2.0 k 12a ±0.5 k ±1% of temp. 13 ±1 k ±1% of temp. Lake shore silicon diode temper...

  • Page 25

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 2.3 sensor installation this section highlights some of the important elements of proper sensor installation. For more detailed information, lake shore sensors are shipped with installation instructions that cover that specific sensor type an...

  • Page 26

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 2.3.5 contact pressure when sensors are permanently mounted, the solder or epoxy used to hold the sensor act as both gasket and adhesive. Permanent mounting is not a good solution for everyone because it limits flexibility and can potentially...

  • Page 27

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 2.3.7 lead soldering when additional wire is soldered to short sensor leads, care must be taken not to overheat the sensor. A heat sink such as a metal wire clamp or alligator clip will heat sink the leads and protect the sensor. Leads should...

  • Page 28

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 2.4.2 heater location for best temperature measurement accuracy the heater should be located so that heat flow between the cooling power and heater is minimized. For best control the heater should be in close thermal contact with the cooling ...

  • Page 29

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 2.5.3 two-sensor approach there is a conflict between the best sensor location for measurement accuracy and the best sensor location for control. For measurement accuracy the sensor should be very near the sample being measured which is away ...

  • Page 30

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 2.6.1 proportional (p) the proportional term, also called gain, must have a value greater than zero for the control loop to operate. The value of the proportional term is multiplied by the error (e) which is defined as the difference between ...

  • Page 31

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual p-331-2-3.Bmp figure 2-3. Examples of pid control cooling system design 2-11.

  • Page 32

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 2.7 manual tuning there has been a lot written about tuning closed loop control systems and specifically pid control loops. This section does not attempt to compete with control theory experts. It describes a few basic rules of thumb to help ...

  • Page 33

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual tuning proportional (continued) if the load does not oscillate in a controlled manner, the heater range could be set too low. A constant heater reading of 100% on the display would be an indication of a low range setting. The heater range cou...

  • Page 34

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 2-14 cooling system design autotuning (continued) when the user selects a new setpoint, the model 331 logs the change in temperature at the load and the change in heater output that was required to make the load temperature change. The old co...

  • Page 35: Chapter 3

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual chapter 3 installation 3.0 general this chapter provides general installation instructions for the model 331 temperature controller. Inspection and unpacking instructions are provided in paragraph 3.1. Repackaging for shipment instructions ar...

  • Page 36

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 3.3 rear panel definition this paragraph provides a description of the model 331 rear panel connections. The rear panel consists of the line input assembly, rs-232 connector, heater output connector, input a and b sensor input connectors, the...

  • Page 37

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 3.4 line input assembly this section describes how to properly connect the model 331 to line power. Please follow these instructions carefully to ensure proper operation of the instrument and the safety of operators. 120 100/120/220/240 v –10...

  • Page 38

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 3.4.4 power switch the power switch is part of the line input assembly on the rear panel of the model 331 and turns line power to the instrument on and off. When the circle is depressed, power is off. When the line is depressed, power is on. ...

  • Page 39

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 3.5.2 sensor lead cable the sensor lead cable used outside the cooling system can be much different from what is used inside. Between the instrument and vacuum shroud, error and noise pick up need to be minimized, not heat leak. Larger conduc...

  • Page 40

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 3.5.5 four-lead sensor measurement all sensors, including both two lead and four lead can be measured with a four lead technique. The purpose of a four lead measurement is to eliminate the effect of lead resistance on the measurement. If it i...

  • Page 41

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 3.6 thermocouple sensor inputs (model 331x-tx only) the information in this paragraph is for a model 331 configured at the factory with one or two thermocouple sensor inputs; being model 331x-t1 or t2. Sensor connection is important when usin...

  • Page 42

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 3.7 heater output setup the following paragraphs cover the heater wiring from the vacuum shroud to the instrument for both control loop outputs. Specifications are detailed in paragraph 1.2. For help on choosing and installing an appropriate ...

  • Page 43

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 3.7.4 loop 1 heater output noise the heater output circuitry in the model 331 must be capable of sourcing 50 w of power. This type of circuitry can generate some electrical noise. The model 331 was designed to generate as little noise as poss...

  • Page 44

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 3.8 analog output (model 331s only) the analog output available on the rear panel of the model 331s is a voltage output that can be used for monitor and control applications. Their most basic function is a temperature monitor where it puts ou...

  • Page 45

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual relays (continued) relay connections are available in positions 1 thru 6 of the detachable relay and analog output terminal block. See figure 3-5. The terminal block (p/n 106-737) is included with the model 331. For convenient installation of...

  • Page 46

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 3-12 installation initial setup and system checkout procedure (continued) note: for rated accuracy, the instrument should warm up for at least 30 minutes. 10. The default input settings are “silicon diode” on inputs a and b, with input a cont...

  • Page 47: Chapter 4

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual chapter 4 operation 4.0 general this chapter describes model 331 temperature controller operation. A definition of front panel controls is provided in paragraph 4.1. Turning power on is described in paragraph 4.2. Paragraphs 4.3 thru 4.20 des...

  • Page 48

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual keypad definitions (continued) control setup allows selection of control input, setpoint units, closed or open loop control mode, power up enable, display of heater output units, setpoint ramp enable, and ramp rate for the currently selected ...

  • Page 49

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.1.2 annunciators led annunciators six blue led annunciators are included to provide visual feedback of the following operation. Control a on when input a is being used as the control input for the loop being displayed. Refer to paragraph 4....

  • Page 50

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.1.4 display definition in normal operation, the 2 row by 20 character vacuum fluorescent display is divided into four user- configurable areas that can provide temperature readings, setpoint display, and heater status. Other information is ...

  • Page 51

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.3 display format and source (units) selection in the normal display, the display is divided into four user-configurable areas that can provide temperature readings, setpoint display, and heater status. Figure 4-3 illustrates the display loc...

  • Page 52

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual display format (continued) with the settings from the previous example, display location 1 will resemble the following. À 295.22½ the process is the same for the other three display locations. However, additional choices are provided for disp...

  • Page 53

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.4 input setup the model 331 supports a variety of temperature sensors sold by lake shore and other manufacturers. An appropriate sensor type must be selected for each of the two inputs. If the exact sensor model is not shown, use the sensor...

  • Page 54

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.4.2 diode sensor input setup – 1 ma excitation current as an alternative to the standard diode input configuration listed above, the user may select 1 ma excitation while the input configuration matches the diode input setup as detailed in ...

  • Page 55

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.4.3 resistor sensor input setup resistor sensors include the platinum, rhodium-iron, and various ntc rtd sensors (e.G., cernox™, rox™, thermox) detailed in table 4-1. More detailed specifications are provided in table 1-3. Input range is fi...

  • Page 56

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.4.4 thermocouple sensor input setup (model 331x-tx only) the following thermocouple screens are only displayed when the model 331 hardware is configured at the factory with one or two thermocouple sensor inputs; being model 331x-t1 or t2. T...

  • Page 57

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.4.4.2 room-temperature calibration procedure room-temperature calibration is used to calibrate the built-in compensation and is recommended when a thermocouple is first installed or any time a thermocouple is changed. Factory calibration of...

  • Page 58

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.5 curve selection the model 331 supports a variety of temperature sensors sold by lake shore and other manufacturers. After the appropriate sensor type is selected for each of the two inputs (paragraph 4.4), an appropriate curve may be sele...

  • Page 59

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.5.1 diode sensor curve selection once the input is setup for the silicon or gallium-aluminum-arsenide diode (paragraph 4.4.1), you may choose a temperature curve. Standard curve numbers 1 thru 4, or none, being relevant choices. You are als...

  • Page 60

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.6 temperature control there are many steps involved in setting up a temperature control loop. Chapter 2 of this manual describes the principals of closed loop (feedback) control. Chapter 3 describes necessary hardware installation. The foll...

  • Page 61

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.6.2 control modes the model 331 offers two control modes, closed loop and open loop. To select a control mode refer to paragraph 4.7. Closed loop control: closed loop control, often called feedback control, is the control mode most often as...

  • Page 62

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual control setup (continued) the control setpoint can be displayed and set in temperature or sensor units. Changing setpoint units does not change operation of the controller, only the way the setpoint is displayed and entered. A valid curve mus...

  • Page 63

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.8 manual tuning (closed-loop pid control) in manual pid mode, the controller will accept user-entered proportional, integral, and derivative parameters to provide three-term pid control. Manual heater power output can be set manually in ope...

  • Page 64

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.8.3 manually setting derivative (d) the derivative parameter (sometimes called rate) is the d part of the pid control equation. The rate time constant should normally be somewhere between 1/4 and 1/8 the integral time in seconds, if used at...

  • Page 65

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.9 auto tune (closed-loop pid control) the model 331 automates the tuning process of typical cryogenic systems with the autotune feature. For additional information about the algorithm refer to paragraph 2.8. Before initiating autotune the c...

  • Page 66

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.10 zone settings (closed-loop control mode) the model 331 allows the user to establish up to 10 custom contiguous temperature zones where the controller will automatically use pre-programmed pid values and heater ranges. Zone control can be...

  • Page 67

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual zone settings (continued) enter for zone 01 integ (i) 20.0 the integral (i) value is entered using the numeric keypad, which includes the numbers 0 – 9, +/–, and decimal point. Integral has a range of 0.1 to 1000 with a default of 20. Press t...

  • Page 68: Zone Setting Worksheet

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual zone 01 0 k zone 02 zone 03 zone 04 zone 05 zone 06 zone 07 zone 08 zone 09 zone 10 setpoint: setpoint: setpoint: setpoint: setpoint: setpoint: setpoint: setpoint: setpoint: setpoint: 0 k heater range off low med high proportional (0.1-1000) ...

  • Page 69

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.11 setpoint the control setpoint is the desired load temperature expressed in temperature or sensor units. Use sensor units if no temperature response curve is selected for the sensor input used as the control channel. The control setpoint ...

  • Page 70

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.12 ramp the model 331 generates a smooth setpoint ramp when the setpoint units are expressed in temperature. The user can set a ramp rate in degrees per minute with a range of 0 to 100 and a resolution of 0.1. Once the ramp feature is turne...

  • Page 71

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.13 heater range and heater off heater output for loop 1 is a well-regulated variable dc current source. The heater output is optically isolated from other circuits to reduce interference and ground loops. The heater output for the main cont...

  • Page 72

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.14 math three math features are included for convenience and aid in setting up experiments. Max and min readings can be captured. A linear equation can be applied to input data to correct system errors or improve performance of the analog o...

  • Page 73

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.14.2 linear the model 331 will process either of two simple linear equations for each sensor input: mx+b or m(x+b). The result can be displayed or directed to the analog voltage output. There are two different equations available. In each: ...

  • Page 74

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual linear (continued) use the s or t key to toggle between the linear b variable: +sp1, –sp1, +sp2, –sp2, value. Press the enter key to accept the new setting. You will see the next display. Enter for math a lin equ b +0.0000 the linear variable...

  • Page 75

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.15 alarms and relays (model 331s only) 4.15.1 alarms each input of the model 331 has high and low alarm capability for each input. Input reading data from any source can be compared to the alarm setpoint values. A reading higher than the hi...

  • Page 76

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual alarms (continued) select for alm a °® alarm on use the s or t key to toggle between alarm on or off. Press the enter key. Select for alm a °® source temp k use the s or t key to cycle through the following data sources: temp c, temp k, linea...

  • Page 77

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.15.2 relays (331s only) there are two relays on the model 331s numbered 1 and 2. They are most commonly thought of as alarm relays, but may be manually controlled also. Relay assignments are configurable as shown in figure 4-6.Two relays ca...

  • Page 78

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.16 analog output (model 331s only) the model 331s has a single analog output on pins 7 and 8 of the terminal block at the rear of the instrument. It is normally configured to send a voltage proportional to temperature to a strip chart recor...

  • Page 79

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual analog output in input mode (continued) bipolar mode refers to whether or not negative voltages are used, as shown below. Bipolar mode: on bipolar mode: on bipolar mode: off bipolar mode: off –10 v +10 v 0 v lowest middle highest input output...

  • Page 80

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.16.2 analog output in manual mode in manual mode, the analog output provide a fixed output according to a percentage of full scale entered by the user; -100.00% to +100.00% corresponding to –10 v to +10 v. The setting resolution on the disp...

  • Page 81

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.16.3 analog output in loop 2 mode in loop 2 mode, the analog output is directly controlled by model 331. To place the analog output in loop 2 mode, press the analog output key, then press the s or t key until you see the following display. ...

  • Page 82

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4.18 display brightness the user is able to control the brightness of the vacuum fluorescent display. Press and hold the display format key for several seconds until you see the following display. Select with °® brightness 75% use the s or t ...

  • Page 83

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual interface (continued) use the s or t key to cycle through the following terminator choices: cr lf, lf cr, lf, or eoi, where cr = carriage return, lf = line feed, and eoi = end or identify. The default terminator is cr lf. Press the enter key ...

  • Page 84

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 4-38 operation default values (continued) use the s or t key to select yes or no to reset the novram. Select yes to reset all model 331 parameters to the defaults listed in table 4-5. Press the enter key. The second screen appears as follows....

  • Page 85: Chapter 5

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual chapter 5 advanced operation 5.0 general this chapter covers the advanced operation of the model 331 temperature controller. Advanced operation consists of the functions related to temperature response curves. A temperature response curve can...

  • Page 86

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 5.1.2 curve breakpoints temperature response data of a calibrated sensor must be reduced to a table of breakpoints before entering it into the instrument. Each breakpoint consists of one value in sensor units and one temperature value in kelv...

  • Page 87

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table 5-1. Curve header parameters name: the curve name cannot be changed from the front panel. Curve names can only be entered over the computer interface (up to 15 characters). The default curve name is user xx, where xx is the curve number...

  • Page 88

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 5.2.1 edit curve the edit curve operation is used to enter a new curve or edit an existing user curve. Only user curves (21 to 41) can be changed. Standard curves can only be viewed with the edit operation. Entering the identification paramet...

  • Page 89

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual edit curve (continued) the temperature coefficient (positive or negative) of the curve is displayed. The coefficient is calculated from the first two points of the curve and cannot be changed. Press the enter key. Now that the curve identific...

  • Page 90

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 5.2.2 erase curve user curves that are no longer needed may be erased. Erase curve sets all identification parameters to default and blanks all breakpoint values. To erase an existing user curve, press the curve entry key. Press the s or t ke...

  • Page 91

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual copy curve (continued) once the curve number is selected, press the enter key. You will see the following message. Select copy to °® curve 21 user use the s or t key to select the curve number (21 thru 41) to copy to. Press the enter key to c...

  • Page 92

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual softcal point 1 softcal point 1 liquid helium boiling point 4.2 k softcal point 2 liquid nitrogen boiling point 77.35 k softcal point 1 room temperature point 305 k 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350 2 10 k 50 100 k 200 32...

  • Page 93

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 5.3.3 softcal with platinum sensors the platinum sensor is a well-accepted temperature standard because of its consistent and repeatable temperature response above 30 k. Softcal gives platinum sensors better accuracy than their nominal matchi...

  • Page 94

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 5.3.5 softcal calibration curve creation once the calibration data points have been obtained, you may create a softcal calibration. This example illustrates softcal of a dt-470 diode. Press the curve entry key. Press the s or t key until you ...

  • Page 95

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual softcal calibration curve creation (continued) note: if point 2 is not being used, press the enter key with both settings at their default value and advance to point 3. Use the numerical keypad to enter the measured data point at or near the ...

  • Page 96

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 5-12 advanced operation this page intentionally left blank.

  • Page 97: Chapter 6

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual chapter 6 computer interface operation 6.0 general this chapter provides operational instructions for the computer interface for the lake shore model 331 temperature controller. Either of the two computer interfaces provided with the model 33...

  • Page 98

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.1.1 changing ieee-488 interface parameters two interface parameters, address and terminators, must be set from the front panel before communication with the instrument can be established. Other interface parameters can be set with device sp...

  • Page 99

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual bus control commands (continued) finally, addressed bus control commands are multiline commands that must include the model 331 listen address before the instrument responds. Only the addressed device responds to these commands. The model 331...

  • Page 100

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.1.3 status registers there are two status registers: the status byte register described in paragraph 6.1.3.1, and the standard event status register in paragraph 6.1.3.2. 6.1.3.1 status byte register and service request enable register the ...

  • Page 101

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual standard event status register and standard event status enable register (continued) the standard event status enable query, qese?, reads the standard event status enable register. Qesr? Reads the standard event status register. Once this reg...

  • Page 102

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual figure 6-1. Gpib setting configuration figure 6-2. Dev 12 device template configuration 6-6 remote operation.

  • Page 103

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.1.4.2 visual basic ieee-488 interface program setup this ieee-488 interface program works with visual basic 6.0 (vb6) on an ibm pc (or compatible) with a pentium-class processor. A pentium 90 or higher is recommended, running windows 95 or ...

  • Page 104

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table 6-1. Ieee-488 interface program control properties current name property new value label1 name caption lblexitprogram type “exit” to end program. Label2 name caption lblcommand command label3 name caption lblresponse response text1 name...

  • Page 105

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table 6-2. Visual basic ieee-488 interface program public gsend as boolean 'global used for send button state private sub cmdsend_click() 'routine to handle send button press gsend = true 'set flag to true end sub private sub form_load() 'mai...

  • Page 106

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.1.4.3 ieee-488 interface board installation for quick basic program this procedure works on an ibm pc (or compatible) running dos or in a dos window. This example uses the national instruments gpib-pcii/iia card. 1. Install gpib-pcii/iia ca...

  • Page 107

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual primary gpib address ........ Primary gpib address ........ à à00 secondary gpib address ...... None secondary gpib address ...... None timeout setting ............. 10sec timeout setting ............. 10sec terminate read on eos ....... Yes ...

  • Page 108

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table 6-3. Quick basic ieee-488 interface program ' ieeeexam.Bas example program for ieee-488 interface ' ' this program works with quickbasic 4.0/4.5 on an ibm pc or compatible. ' ' the example requires a properly configured national instrum...

  • Page 109

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.1.4.5 program operation once either example program is running, try the following commands and observe the response of the instrument. Input from the user is shown in bold and terminators are added by the program. The word [term] indicates ...

  • Page 110

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.2 serial interface overview the serial interface used in the model 331 is commonly referred to as an rs-232c interface. Rs-232c is a standard of the electronics industries association (eia) that describes one of the most common interfaces b...

  • Page 111

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.2.3 character format a character is the smallest piece of information that can be transmitted by the interface. Each character is 10 bits long and contains data bits, bits for character timing and an error detection bit. The instrument uses...

  • Page 112

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.2.5 message flow control it is important to remember that the user program is in charge of the serial communication at all times. The instrument can not initiate communication, determine which device should be transmitting at a given time o...

  • Page 113

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.2.7 serial interface example programs two basic programs are included to illustrate the serial communication functions of the instrument. The first program was written in visual basic. Refer to paragraph 6.2.7.1 for instructions on how to s...

  • Page 114

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table 6-5. Serial interface program control properties current name property new value label1 name caption lblexitprogram type “exit” to end program. Label2 name caption lblcommand command label3 name caption lblresponse response text1 name t...

  • Page 115

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table 6-6. Visual basic serial interface program public gsend as boolean 'global used for send button state private sub cmdsend_click() 'routine to handle send button press gsend = true 'set flag to true end sub private sub form_load() 'main ...

  • Page 116

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.2.7.2 quick basic serial interface program setup the serial interface program listed in table 6-7 works with quickbasic 4.0/4.5 or qbasic on an ibm pc (or compatible) running dos or in a dos window with a serial interface. It uses the com1 ...

  • Page 117

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.2.7.3 program operation once either example program is running, try the following commands and observe the response of the instrument. Input from the user is shown in bold and terminators are added by the program. The word [term] indicates ...

  • Page 118

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.3 command summary this paragraph provides a listing of the ieee-488 and serial interface commands. A summary of all the commands is provided in table 6-8. All the commands are detailed in paragraph 6.3.1, which is presented in alphabetical ...

  • Page 119

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table 6-8. Command summary command function page q cls clear interface cmd ............................... 24 q ese event status enable cmd ...................... 24 q ese? Event status enable query .................... 24 q esr? Event status...

  • Page 120

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6.3.1 interface commands (alphabetical listing) qcls clear interface command input: qcls[term] remarks: clears the bits in the status byte register and standard event status register and terminates all pending operations. Clears the interface...

  • Page 121

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual q opc operation complete command input: qopc[term] remarks: generates an operation complete event in the event status register upon completion of all pending selected device operations. Send it as the last command in a command string. Q opc? ...

  • Page 122

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual qtst? Self-test query input: qtst?[term] returned: [term] format: n 0 = no errors found, 1 = errors found remarks: the model 331 reports status based on test done at power up. Qwai wait-to-continue command input: qwai[term] remarks: this comm...

  • Page 123

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual almrst reset alarm status command input: almrst[term] remarks: clears both the high and low status of all alarms, including latching alarms. Analog analog output parameter command input: analog , , , , , , [term] format: n,n,a,n,±nnnnnn,±nnnn...

  • Page 124

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual beep alarm beeper command input: beep [term] format: n 0 = off, 1 = on. Remarks: enables or disables system beeper sound when an alarm condition is met. Beep? Alarm beeper query input: beep? Returned: [term] format: n (refer to command for de...

  • Page 125

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual crvdel curve delete command input: crvdel [term] format: nn specifies a user curve to delete. Valid entries: 21 – 41. Example: crvdel 21[term] – deletes user curve 21. Crvhdr curve header command input: crvhdr , , , , , [term] format: nn,aaaa...

  • Page 126

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual crvpt? Curve data point query input: crvpt? , [term] format: nn,nnn specifies which curve to query: 1 – 41. Specifies the points index in the curve: 1 – 200. Returned: , [term] format: ±nnnnnnn,±nnnnnnn (refer to command for description) rema...

  • Page 127

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual dispfld? Displayed field query input: dispfld? [term] format: n specifies field to query: 1 – 4. Returned: , [term] format: n,n (refer to command for description) emul 330 emulation mode command input: emul [term] format: n specifies whether ...

  • Page 128

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual htr? Heater output query input: htr?[term] returned: [term] format: +nnn.N loop 1 heater output in percent (%). Use aout? For loop 2. Htrst? Heater status query input: htrst?[term] returned: [term] format: n heater error code: 0 = no error, 1...

  • Page 129

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual intype input type parameter command input: intype , , [term] format: a,n,n specifies input to configure: a or b. Specifies input sensor type. Valid entries: 0 = silicon diode 5 = ntc rtd 1 = gaalas diode 6 = thermocouple 25 mv 2 = 100 Ω plati...

  • Page 130

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual linear input linear equation parameter command input: linear , , , , , [term] format: a,n,±nnnnnn,n,n,±nnnnnn specifies input to configure: a or b. Specifies linear equation to use. Valid entries: 1 = (y = mx + b), 2 = (y = m(x + b)). Specifi...

  • Page 131

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual mnmx minimum and maximum input function parameter command input: mnmx , [term] format: a,n specifies input to configure: a or b. Specifies input data to process through max/min. Valid entries: 1 = kelvin, 2 = celsius, 3 = sensor units, 4 = li...

  • Page 132

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual pid control loop pid values command input: pid , , , [term] , , [term] format: n,±nnnnnn,±nnnnnn,±nnnnnn specifies loop to configure: 1 or 2. The value for control loop proportional (gain): 0.1 to 1000. The value for control loop integral (re...

  • Page 133

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual range heater range command input: range [term] format: n 0 = off, 1 = low (0.5 w), 2 = medium (5 w), 3 = high (50 w) range? Heater range query input: range?[term] returned: [term] format: n (refer to command for description) rdgst? Input read...

  • Page 134

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual rev? Input firmware revision query input: rev?[term] returned: [term] format: n.N remarks: returns the version number of the input firmware installed in the instrument. Scal generate softcal curve command input: scal , , , , , , , , [term] fo...

  • Page 135

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual temp? Thermocouple junction temperature query input: temp? Returned: [term] format: ±nnnnnnn remarks: temperature is in kelvin. Tunest? Control tuning status query input: tunest? Returned: [term] format: n 0 = no active tuning, 1 = active tun...

  • Page 136

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 6-40 remote operation this page intentionally left blank.

  • Page 137: Chapter 7

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual chapter 7 options and accessories 7.0 general this chapter provides model 331 temperature controller options and accessories. Model numbers are detailed in paragraph 7.1, options in paragraph 7.2, accessories in paragraph 7.3, and the model 3...

  • Page 138

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 7.3 accessories accessories are devices that perform a secondary duty as an aid or refinement to the primary unit. Refer to the lake shore temperature measurement and control catalog for details. A list of accessories available for the model ...

  • Page 139

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual accessories (continued) model description of accessories (continued) gan-25 apiezon ® “n” grease, 25 gram tube . General purpose grease well-suited for cryogenic use because of its low viscosity. It is often used as a means of thermally ancho...

  • Page 140

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 112-334.Bmp figure 7-1. Model 331 sensor and heater cable assembly 10' - p/n 112-334, 20' - p/n 112-334 7.4 model 3003 heater output conditioner the lake shore model 3003 heater output conditioner is a passive filter which reduces the already...

  • Page 141

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual p-331-7-3.Bmp figure 7-3. Model rm-1/2 rack-mount kit options and accessories 7-5.

  • Page 142

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual refer to “installation procedure” 1. Use 5/64 inch (2 mm) hex key to remove two 6-32 x 1/4 black button head screws from side of instrument. 2. Place instrument on shelf. 3. Use 5/64 inch (2 mm) hex key to reinstall two 6-32 x 1/4 black butto...

  • Page 143: Chapter 8

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual chapter 8 service 8.0 general this chapter describes the service for the model 331 temperature controller. Paragraph 8.1 provides a description of electrostatic discharge (esd), line voltage selection in paragraph 8.2, fuse replacement in par...

  • Page 144

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 8.2 line voltage selection use the following procedure to change the instrument line voltage selector. Verify the fuse value whenever line voltage is changed. Warning: to avoid potentially lethal shocks, turn off controller and disconnect it ...

  • Page 145

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 5. Remove and discard both existing fuses. Replace with proper slow-blow (time-delay) fuse ratings as follows: 100/120 v 1.60 a t 250 v 5 × 20 mm 220/240 v 0.80 a t 250 v 5 × 20 mm 6. Re-assemble line input assembly in reverse order. 7. Verif...

  • Page 146

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual terminal block connector lake shore p/n 106-739 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 use screwdriver to lock or unlock wires insert wire into slot slides into slot at rear of model 331 c-331-8-4.Eps pin description 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 relay 1 – normally closed (nc) r...

  • Page 147

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 8.4.1 serial interface cable wiring the following are suggested cable wiring diagrams for connecting the model 331 serial interface to various customer personal computers (pcs). Model 331 to pc serial interface – pc with de-9p model 331 de-9p...

  • Page 148

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 8.4.2 ieee-488 interface connector connect to the ieee-488 interface connector on the model 331 rear with cables specified in the ieee-488-1978 standard document. The cable has 24 conductors with an outer shield. The connectors are 24-way amp...

  • Page 149

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 8.5 top of enclosure remove and replace procedure warning: to avoid potentially lethal shocks, turn off controller and disconnect it from ac power line before performing this procedure. Only qualified personnel should perform this procedure. ...

  • Page 150

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 8.7 jumpers there are seven jumpers located on the main circuit board of the model 331. See figure 8-7 for the location of the jumpers (reference designators jmp1 thru jmp7). Caution : only jmp4 and jmp7 should be changed by the user. Please ...

  • Page 151

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual p-331-8-7.Bmp figure 8-7. Location of internal components service 8-9.

  • Page 152

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 8.9 calibration procedure the model 331 requires calibration of both of the sensor inputs and analog output to operate within specification. None of the other circuits require calibration. The sensor inputs may be configured as diode/resistor...

  • Page 153

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual equipment required for calibration (continued) resistor standards • resistor standards with the following nominal values. If standards are not available, ¼ w 25ppm/ o c metal film resistors can be used. They should have connectors attached to...

  • Page 154

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 8.9.2.3 diode input ranges calibration purpose to determine the input offset and gain errors when the input is configured for the diode ranges and provide offset and gain calibration constants back to the model 331. Process 1. Configure the i...

  • Page 155

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 8.9.2.4 resistive input ranges calibration purpose to determine the input offset and gain errors when the input is configured for the resistive ranges and provide offset and gain calibration constants back to the model 331. This step will cal...

  • Page 156

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table 8-2. Calibration table for resistive ranges range calibration resistor nominal value resistor value known to reversal cal. Command type number 100 Ω plat/250 100 Ω ±0.0070 Ω off 2 100 Ω plat/250 100 Ω ±0.0070 Ω on 10 100 Ω plat/500 500 ...

  • Page 157

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual thermocouple input ranges calibration (continued) 3. Short the v+ and v– terminals together, do not tie the terminals to ground. 4. Via the interface obtain the input reading using the calread? Command and record this number. 5. Program the o...

  • Page 158

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 8.9.5.1 analog output calibration purpose to determine the analog output offset and gain errors and provide offset and gain calibration constants back to the model 331. Process 1. Reset the calibration constants to their default values using ...

  • Page 159

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 8.9.5 calibration specific interface commands calg gain calibration constant command input: calg , , [term] format: a,nn,±nnnnnnn specifies which input or analog output the gain calibration constant will be provided to. Valid entries are a or...

  • Page 160

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual 8-18 service calrstz reset zero offset calibration constant command input: calrstz , [term] format: a,nn specifies which input for which to reset the zero offset calibration constant to the default value. Valid entries are a or b for inputs a...

  • Page 161: Appendix A

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual appendix a glossary of terminology absolute zero . The temperature of –273.16 °c, or –459.69 °f, or 0 k, thought to be the temperature at which molecular motion vanishes and a body would have no heat energy. 1 accuracy . The degree of correct...

  • Page 162

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual autotuning . In lake shore temperature controllers, the autotuning algorithm automatically determines the proper settings for gain (proportional), reset (integral), and rate (derivative) by observing the time response of the system upon chang...

  • Page 163

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual decibels (db) . A unit for describing the ratio of two powers or intensities, or the ratio of a power to a reference power; equal to one-tenth bel; if p 1 and p 2 are two amounts of power, the first is said to be n decibels greater, where n =...

  • Page 164

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual gilbert (gb) . A cgs electromagnetic unit of the magnetomotive force required to produce one maxwell of magnetic flux in a magnetic circuit of unit reluctance. One gilbert is equal to 10/4 π ampere-turn. Named for william gilbert (1540 – 1603...

  • Page 165

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual kelvin scale . The kelvin thermodynamic temperature scale is the basis for all international scales, including the its-90. It is fixed at two points: the absolute zero of temperature (0 k), and the triple point of water (273.16 k), the equili...

  • Page 166

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual national institute of standards and technology (nist) . Government agency located in gaithersburg, maryland and boulder, colorado, that defines measurement standards in the united states. Noise (electrical). Unwanted electrical signals that p...

  • Page 167

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual relief valve . A type of pressure relief device which is designed to relieve excessive pressure, and to reclose and reseal to prevent further flow of gas from the cylinder after reseating pressure has been achieved. Remanence . The remaining ...

  • Page 168

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual susceptance . In electrical terms, susceptance is defined as the reciprocal of reactance and the imaginary part of the complex representation of admittance: [suscept(ibility) + (conduct)ance]. Susceptibility ( χ). Parameter giving an indicati...

  • Page 169: Appendix B

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual appendix b temperature scales b1.0 definition temperature is a fundamental unit of measurement which describes the kinetic and potential energies of the atoms and molecules of bodies. When the energies and velocities of the molecules in a bod...

  • Page 170

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual b-2 temperature scales table b-1. Temperature conversion table °f °c k °f °c k °f °c k -459.67 -273.15 0 -454 -270 3.15 -450 -267.78 5.37 -449.67 -267.59 5.56 -441.67 -263.15 10 -440 -262.22 10.93 -439.67 -262.04 11.11 -436 -260 13.15 -430 -2...

  • Page 171: Appendix C

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual appendix c handling liquid helium and nitrogen c1.0 general use of liquid helium (lhe) and liquid nitrogen (ln 2 ) is often associated with the model 331 temperature controller. Although not explosive, there are a number of safety considerati...

  • Page 172

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual c-2 handling lhe and ln 2 c4.0 liquid helium and nitrogen safety precautions transferring lhe and ln 2 and operation of the storage dewar controls should be in accordance with the manufacturer/supplier’s instructions. During this transfer, it...

  • Page 173: Appendix D

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual appendix d curve tables d1.0 general standard curve tables included in the model 331 temperature controller are as follows: curve 01 dt-470 silicon diode ........................................... Table d-1 curve 02 dt-670 silicon diode .......

  • Page 174

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table d-2. Standard dt-670 diode curve breakpoint v temp. (k) breakpoint v temp. (k) breakpoint v temp. (k) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 0.090570 0.110239 0.136555 0.179181 0.265393 0.349522 0.452797 0.513...

  • Page 175

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table d-4. Lake shore pt-100/-1000 platinum rtd curves break- pt-100 pt-1000 point temp. (k) ohms ( Ω) temp. (k) ohms ( Ω) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 030.0 032.0 036.0 038.0 040.0 042.0 046.0...

  • Page 176

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table d-5. Lake shore rx-102a rox™ curve break- point log Ω temp. (k) break- point log Ω temp. (k) break- point log Ω temp. (k) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 3.02081 3.02133 3....

  • Page 177

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table d-6. Lake shore rx-202a rox™ curve break- point log Ω temp. (k) break- point log Ω temp. (k) break- point log Ω temp. (k) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 3.35085 3.35222 3.35346 ...

  • Page 178

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table d-7. Type k (nickel-chromium vs. Nickel-aluminum) thermocouple curve break- point mv temp (k) break- point mv temp (k) break- point mv temp (k) break- point mv temp (k) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2...

  • Page 179

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table d-8. Type e (nickel-chromium vs. Copper-nickel) thermocouple curve break- point mv temp (k) break- point mv temp (k) break- point mv temp (k) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 3...

  • Page 180

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table d-9. Type t (copper vs. Copper-nickel) thermocouple curve break- point mv temp (k) break- point mv temp (k) break- point mv temp (k) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 3...

  • Page 181

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual table d-10. Chromel-aufe0.03% thermocouple curve * breakpoint mv temp (k) breakpoint mv temp (k) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 -4.6667 -4.62838 -4.60347 -4.58043 -4.53965 -4.47226 -4.43743...

  • Page 182

    Lake shore model 331 temperature controller user’s manual d-10 curve tables table d-11. Chromel-aufe0.07% thermocouple curve break- point mv temp (k) break- point mv temp (k) break- point mv temp (k) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 -5.2795...