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Yamaha 2201 Product Manual

Manual is about: System Amplifier

Summary of 2201

  • Page 1

    Yamaha authorized product manual p-2200/2201 system amplifier.

  • Page 2: P-2200/2201

    P-2200/2201 operating manual.

  • Page 3

    About this manual scope the p-2200 is a system oriented amplifier, made to be used in conjunction with mixers, consoles, frequency dividing networks and speakers — those made by yamaha or by other manufacturers. Like any power amplifier, the p-2200's performance depends on system design and installa...

  • Page 4

    The p-2200/2201 brief operating instructions section one introduction section two general specifications section three performance graphs & a discussion of specifications section four the distinction between professional and hi-fi equipment section five impedance 1 operating levels 2 dynamic range 2...

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    The p-2200/2201 brief operating instructions fig. 1a - p-2200 front panel fig. 1b - p2201 front panel a. Input attenuators calibrated, stepped input attenuators lower input signal levels ahead of amplification stages. B. Peak reading meters (p-2200 only) meters display instantaneous (peak) power out...

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    Fig. 2a - p-2200 rear panel* fig. 2b - p2201 rear panel* a. Input connectors the two xlr input connectors on each channel are unbalanced and are wired in parallel with each other and with the two phone jacks (tip/sleeve type). B. Input polarity switch determines the polarity of the two xlr input con...

  • Page 7

    Introduction the p-2200 is not just "another big amplifier;" it is an exciting new approach to high power sound. Yamaha's leadership is clearly demonstrated by the p-2200's pro- fessional features, sophisticated design, and uncom- promising performance. Peak reading meters* instead of the more commo...

  • Page 8

    General specifications power output per channel: (refer to figure 3. Ambient room temperature for tests: 25-degrees centigrade.) 200 watts continuous average sine wave power into 8 ohms with less than 0.05% thd, (total harmonic distortion), over a bandwidth of 20hz to 20khz, both channels driven. 23...

  • Page 9

    Controls: 22-position, log-linear, detented, and db-calibrated input attenuators (one per channel) attenuate input signal in 2db steps from 0db attenuation to -34db, then steps of -37db, -42db, -50db, infinity; power (on-off) switch; input polarity switches. Fuses: agc (3ag) type, 7-amps x 2 paralle...

  • Page 10

    Performance graphs & a discussion of specifications note: in the discussion beginning on page four 5, references to specific specifications assume normal stereo operation (not mono operation) unless otherwise indicated. Normal (stereo) graphs fig. 3 - power bandwidth vs load impedance fig. 4 - load ...

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    Fig. 9 - actual output impedance vs frequency fig. 1 0 - crosstalk (channel separation) fig. 1 1 - phase response vs frequency fig. 1 2 - power consumption fig. 1 3 - peak program meter accuracy (p-2200 only).

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    Mono mode graphs fig. 14 - power bandwidth vs frequency (mono mode) at 16 load impedance fig. 1 5 - load impedance vs output power (mono mode) at 0.1% t.H.D., 1khz fig. 16 - frequency response (mono mode) at 16 load impedance fig. 1 7 - t.H.D. Vs power output (mono mode) at 16 load impedance fig. 1 ...

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    The following are actual oscilloscope photographs made by an independent testing laboratory. The close vertical alignment of input and output traces in fig. 21 through 23 depicts very low phase shift, so the amplifier will not alter musical wave shapes. Fig. 21 - 10hz square-wave response the output...

  • Page 14

    Power output types of power ratings peak power refers to the maximum undistorted power output of an amplifier. Most amplifiers cannot sustain their peak power ratings for long periods of time without external cooling fans. Because there are many different methods of rating an amplifier's peak power,...

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    Intermodulation distortion, or i.M. Is characterized by the appearance in the output waveform of fre- quencies that are equal to sums and differences of integral multiples of two or more of the frequencies present in the input signal. The difference between inter- modulation distortion and harmonic ...

  • Page 16

    Hum and noise hum or noise from a power amplifier disrupts a program, and is irritating to a listener. Hum and noise could be considered a form of distortion. The p-2200's hum and noise are so low that they are completely inaudible under any normal listening circumstances. Rise time rise time is a m...

  • Page 17

    During the "overshoot" movement, the voice coil of the loudspeaker interacts with the loudspeaker's magnetic assembly to produce a voltage called "back e.M.F." (electro-motive force). This action is similar to the operation of a dynamic microphone. If the amplifier's output impedance is low, this "b...

  • Page 18

    The distinction between professional and hi-fi equipment in most applications, a variety of auxiliary equipment will be connected to the p-2200, including: mixers, tape machines, compressors, graphic equalizers, echo, time delay, and reverb units, and just about any other audio electronics imaginabl...

  • Page 19

    Cables from high impedance sources (5000 ohms and up), should not be any longer than 25', even if low capacitance cable is used; shorten the cables if the impedance is higher. For low impedance sources of 600 ohms or less, cable lengths to 100' are relatively effective. For very low impedance source...

  • Page 20

    Fig. 33 - dynamic range in an audio system note: the p-2200 actually has a maximum signal to noise ratio of 110db (which is its dynamic range!. The system's dynamic range is limited by acoustic noise at the mic input, for the system shown, and by the maximum signal to noise ratio of the pm-700 mixer...

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    The p-2200 is designed for these wide dynamic range applications. It has exceptionally low noise figures, and high headroom capabilities (high power output). In addition, its operating levels and impedances correspond with professional requirements. Gain overlap and headroom yamaha pm-mixers have +2...

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    Installation and detailed operation physical mounting shelf mounting the p-2200 can be used on any surface, so long as there is adequate ventilation. Do not remove the p-2200's feet, since this would prevent air flow below the amplifier. Permanent installation rack mounting mount the p-2200 in any s...

  • Page 23

    Regarding input impedance and terminations there is sometimes a misunderstanding regarding the nature of matching or bridging inputs, the use of termi- nating resistors, and the relationship between actual input impedance and nominal source impedance. Most electronic outputs work well when "terminat...

  • Page 24

    Fig. 39a - pads constructed in mini-boxes. Above +30dbm, use 1 watt, low inductance resistors. 10% tolerance is acceptable for most pads. Fig. 39b - pad constructed in switchcraft model s3fm it is possible to construct a pad within anxlr con- nector, but the extremely tight fit can adversely affect ...

  • Page 25

    Has a stereo phone jack input, but if the input source is monaural, the transformer lead to the ring of the t.R.S. Input jack may be moved to the jack's tip so that a standard t.S. Phone plug input will feed both transfor- mers. Alternately, the box may be built with separate t.S. Phone jack inputs,...

  • Page 26

    Bridging transformer box should be used. While matching or step up transformers like those just described would maintain a balanced feed, several such boxes could over- load the source device. By using a transformer which has a high impedance primary and a high impedance secondary, the source can fe...

  • Page 27

    Approximately -50db (2.45mv) for a microphone, +4db (1.23 volts) for a line level signal. The exact volt- age is not critical, and 1000hz is a standard reference frequency, but any other appropriate frequency can be used. 2. Set the input channel level control on the mixer at its rated "nominal" set...

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    Use, a cable with rubberized insulation and braided shield (such as belden #8413 or #8412) will handle easily and survive road abuse; for permanent wiring, a vinyl insulated cable with a foil shield (such as belden #8451) is easier to strip for terminations, and it pulls through conduits with less d...

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    The preparation of complete cables, with connectors properly installed, is the key to reliable and trouble-free operation of any sound system. For this reason, the fol- lowing illustrations are included. Experienced audio technicians may wish to review these illustrations, even if they already know ...

  • Page 30

    Wiring a male xlr connector pans identification (as the connector is usually packaged). Insert strain relief in rear of shell. Then slip shell onto cable end, followed by insulating collar. Strip outer insulation 1/2". (no. 8412 cable illustrated here.) cut tracer cord, unbraid shield, cut cotton st...

  • Page 31

    Wiring a female xlr connector parts identification (as the connector is usually packaged). Insert strain relief in rear of shell. Then slip shell onto cable end, followed by insulating collar. Strip outer insulation approximately 9/16". (no. 8451 cable illus- trated here) pull off foil wrap. Strip a...

  • Page 32

    Wiring a standard phone plug (2-conductor) parts identification. Slide shell, then insulating collar over cable end. Strip outer insulation for length equal to length of sleeve con- nection. Unwrap or unbraid shield, twist to form lead. Position outer insulation just ahead of cable clamp, strip cent...

  • Page 33

    Use of the input polarity switch on the p-2200 the xlr input connectors on the p-2200 are un- balanced. In one position, the switch beside the con- nectors attaches pin 2 to pin 1 (ground) leaving pin 3 "hot" (usa standard). In the other position, the switch attaches pin 3 to pin 1 (ground) leaving ...

  • Page 34

    If higher quality transformers were used. Thus, "economy" transformers, may actually cost more in the long run than higher quality professional types. For an existing system with lower quality 70-volt transformers, a capacitor in series with the output of the p-2200 can limit the current at low freq...

  • Page 35

    Grounding and shielding, and by the use of balanced, twisted pair cables. Emi: emi (electro-magnetic interference) usually comes from power transformers (either in a sound system, or a building's electrical supply), motors, or cables carrying large amounts of current. Emi usually shows up in a sound...

  • Page 36

    Fig. 58 - avoiding ground loops in an unbalanced system. In any audio system, there are numerous ways by which ground loops can be created. For example, if a microphone feeds two mixers through a splitter device, and the two mixers are ac grounded through their power cables, a ground loop is formed....

  • Page 37

    Fig. 61 - use of ground lift switch system. This problem is usually most noticeable with sensitive equipment such as the mixer. Lifting the ac ground at the mixer can often solve this problem. However, lifting the ac ground on the mixer also lifts the ac ground on the microphone chassis, causing a s...

  • Page 38

    Fig. 62d - 1 1 0 v ac outlets with lifted neutral. Outlets will operate with voltage varying from 0 to 220v ac creating shock hazard and causing possible equipment damage. 220v ac on 1 1 0 v ac outlet it is possible (albeit, illegal and dangerous) for a 220v ac circuit to be connected to a 1 1 0 v a...

  • Page 39

    Fig. 63a - input splitter transformer setup to operate p-2200 in "mono" mode. Fig. 63b - output connections for operating p-2200 in "mono" mode. In the "mono" mode, the p-2200 will produce a full 400 watts into a 16-ohm load. The voltage output from the p-2200 in the mono mode is approximately 75 vo...

  • Page 40

    Applications biamplification and triamplification biamplification, or "biamping," triamplification, or "triamping," all refer to the use of separate power amplifiers to cover separate portions of the audio spectrum. The traditional, non-biamplified speaker system is diagrammed in figure 64a. The cro...

  • Page 41

    8-ohm load, it must be rated at 366 watts (power is proportional to voltage squared). Since the p-2200 is only capable of 230 watts, this waveform is clipped, especially the high-frequency component. If the same two waveforms in figure 65a and figure 65b were reproduced by two separate amplifiers, t...

  • Page 42

    Woofer, midrange and tweeter must be the same for most passive, high level crossover systems). If possible, choose the crossover frequency and slope by the criteria described in the previous paragraphs. Also, choose a passive, high level crossover with adequate power handling (for reliability), good...

  • Page 43

    Equalization, high and low pass filters equalization, originally, was the process of "equalizing" the levels of the various audio frequency bands for a "flat" system response. The term now encompasses many different devices and techniques that are used for effects purposes as well as to "smooth" the...

  • Page 44

    Medium. At the same time, the studio monitors or audience foldback system might require graphic equali- zation to suit very different ends. Professional graphic equalizers are usually more durable than hi-fi type units, and they operate at nominal +4db (1.23 volts) line levels. The input of a hi-fi ...

  • Page 45

    Range, the clipping may sound like an irritating sizzle that only happens on certain sounds. Similarly, clipping in the low frequencies can cause bass notes to sound fuzzy or muddy, or it can cause mid-range frequencies to be harsh. Yet because the clipping only takes place on certain sounds, it may...

  • Page 46

    Frequencies or very high frequencies, such as rf oscilla- tions. Some 70-volt transformers have attached pro- tection capacitors for use with high frequency drivers. "auto-transformers" (all taps from the same winding) are sometimes used to match speaker impedances. The auto-transformer provides man...

  • Page 47

    Concert sound figure 73 illustrates the p-2200 in a typical setup for concert reinforcement. Note that there are a number of completely separate feeds, with separate limiters, equalizers, electronic crossovers, and power amplifiers. The p-2200's peak reading meters are a special advantage in concert...

  • Page 48

    Portable instrument amplifier figure 74 details possible connections for a portable setup for an electric bass. Ideal for this application, the p-2200 can easily reproduce the high power bass notes that may be clipped off by lower power instrument amplifiers. Thus, it will "clean up" a bass sound, a...

  • Page 49

    Discotheque disco systems, such as the one diagrammed in figure 75, really test an amplifier's endurance. The music from a record album may be highly compressed so that its average power content is high, and the amplifier may not get even a short rest during many hours of operation each night. With ...

  • Page 50

    Commercial sound systems figure 76 diagrams a theatre reinforcement system from the viewpoint of its power amplifier. Note the time delay device that feeds the p-2200 for the under- balcony distributed speakers. This p-2200 is connected for "mono" 70-volt operation; the main p-2200 is connected for ...

  • Page 51

    The factory paging/background music system in figure 77 also shows the p-2200 used in "mono" 70-volt mode. One p-2200 feeds the main factory areas with a highly compressed signal. The other p-2200 feeds office areas with a separate, less compressed signal that has been equalized for a more natural s...

  • Page 52

    Appendix definition of terms: db, dbv, dbm and db spl the term db, which means decibel ( 1 / 1 0 t h of a bel) expresses a ratio. The db notation allows us to represent very large ratios with small numbers which are easier to understand and use. The ratio in db of two power levels is equal to 1 0 ti...

  • Page 53

    Be valid only at a single load impedance, usually 600 or 150 ohms. It's common to rate a mixer's maximum output in dbm referenced to 600-ohms, and to treat this rating as if it were a voltage rating, even though it is actually a power rating. If a mixer's maximum output is rated at "+24dbm," the rat...

  • Page 54

    The voltage across the resistor is less than the source voltage due to the voltage drop across the output resistor r o : an "impedance" is some combination (one, two, three or more components connected together in a circuit) of resistors, capacitors and inductors. Fig. 80 - elements of an impedance....

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    Fig. 81 - series and parallel impedances. Voltage and current division when two or more impedances are connected in series across a voltage source they share the voltage among themselves according to the following formulas, where n is the number of impedances: (see figure 82) for two impedances: for...

  • Page 56

    Balanced, unbalanced, and floating circuits unbalanced, balanced and floating circuits may all be transformer isolated. The distinction between them lies in the way the circuits are referenced to ground (audio common). A floating circuit has no ground reference, as illustrated by the yamaha pm-180, ...

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    Notes: "n 1 " is the number of turns on the primary side of the transformer, " n 2 " is the number of turns on the secondary side of the transformer. "v 1 " is the voltage level on the primary side of the transformer, " v 2 " is the voltage level on the secondary side of the transformer. "i 1 " is t...

  • Page 58: Yamaha

    Since 1887 yamaha.

  • Page 59: Yamaha

    Yamaha yamaha corporation of america p2200/2201 om 6600 orangethorpe avenue, p.O. Box 6600, buena park, ca 90622-6600 11/17/98 98109.