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ABB REG670 Applications Manual

Manual is about: Relion 670 series 2.0 IEC Generator protection

Summary of REG670

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    Relion® 670 series — generator protection reg670 version 2.2 iec application manual.

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    Document id: 1mrk 502 071-uen issued: may 2017 revision: - product version: 2.2 © copyright 2017 abb. All rights reserved.

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    Copyright this document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written permission from abb, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party, nor used for any unauthorized purpose. The software and hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and...

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    Disclaimer the data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the concept or product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of guaranteed properties. All persons responsible for applying the equipment addressed in this manual must satisfy themselves that each intende...

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    Conformity this product complies with the directive of the council of the european communities on the approximation of the laws of the member states relating to electromagnetic compatibility (emc directive 2004/108/ec) and concerning electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits (low-...

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    Table of contents section 1 introduction.....................................................................21 this manual...................................................................................... 21 intended audience.........................................................................

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    Example how to connect delta connected three-phase ct set to the ied..........................................................................76 example how to connect single-phase ct to the ied............ 79 relationships between setting parameter base current, ct rated primary current and minimum...

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    Setting guidelines...................................................................... 121 section 7 differential protection................................................... 127 transformer differential protection t2wpdif and t3wpdif ........ 127 identification......................................

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    General settings................................................................... 169 percentage restrained differential operation........................ 170 negative sequence internal/external fault discriminator feature...............................................................................

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    Setting the reach with respect to load.................................. 206 zone reach setting lower than minimum load impedance.... 207 zone reach setting higher than minimum load impedance...209 other settings....................................................................... 210 high speed d...

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    Application.................................................................................275 setting guidelines...................................................................... 278 loss of excitation lexpdis............................................................281 identification..........

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    Setting guidelines...................................................................... 320 meshed network without parallel line................................... 320 meshed network with parallel line........................................ 322 directional phase overcurrent protection, four steps ...

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    Identification.............................................................................. 374 application.................................................................................374 setting guidelines...................................................................... 375 directional un...

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    Setting guideline........................................................................401 section 10 voltage protection........................................................ 403 two step undervoltage protection uv2ptuv ................................403 identification.............................

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    Service value report............................................................. 423 setting example....................................................................423 voltage differential protection vdcptov ......................................425 identification..................................

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    Open phase protection for transformer, lines or generators and circuit breaker head flashover protection for generators....................................................................... 457 voltage restrained overcurrent protection for generator and step-up transformer.............................

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    Synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing sesrsyn...479 identification.............................................................................. 479 application.................................................................................479 synchronizing.................................

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    Signals from all feeders........................................................521 signals from bus-coupler......................................................523 configuration setting............................................................ 525 interlocking for transformer bay ab_trafo .........

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    Identification.............................................................................. 593 application.................................................................................593 setting guidelines...................................................................... 594 single point g...

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    Application.................................................................................608 setting guidelines...................................................................... 608 configuration........................................................................ 608 fixed signal function...

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    Zero clamping............................................................................625 setting guidelines...................................................................... 626 setting examples..................................................................629 gas medium supervision ssimg...

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    Setting guidelines...................................................................... 657 setting example.........................................................................665 transformer rated data.......................................................665 setting parameters for insulation ...

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    Setting examples for iec/uca 61850-9-2le and time synchronization.................................................................... 692 iec 61850 quality expander qualexp.................................... 697 lon communication protocol......................................................... 698...

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    Product information prodinf....................................................... 723 application.................................................................................723 factory defined settings............................................................ 723 measured value expander bloc...

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    Process bus iec/uca 61850-9-2le synchronization.......... 742 section 24 requirements...............................................................743 current transformer requirements.................................................. 743 current transformer basic classification and requirements.......

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    Section 1 introduction 1.1 this manual the application manual contains application descriptions and setting guidelines sorted per function. The manual can be used to find out when and for what purpose a typical protection function can be used. The manual can also provide assistance for calculating s...

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    1.3 product documentation 1.3.1 product documentation set iec07000220-4-en.Vsd p la n n in g & p u rc h a se e n gi n e e rin g in st a lli n g c o m m is si o n in g o p e ra tio n m ai n te n a n ce d e co m m is si o n in g d e in st a lli n g & d is p o sa l application manual operation manual i...

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    Well as verifying settings by secondary injection. The manual describes the process of testing an ied in a substation which is not in service. The chapters are organized in the chronological order in which the ied should be commissioned. The relevant procedures may be followed also during the servic...

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    670 series manuals document numbers operation manual 1mrk 500 127-uen engineering manual 1mrk 511 398-uen installation manual 1mrk 514 026-uen communication protocol manual, dnp3 1mrk 511 391-uus communication protocol manual, iec 60870-5-103 1mrk 511 394-uen communication protocol manual, iec 61850...

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    A hazard which could result in corruption of software or damage to equipment or property. The information icon alerts the reader of important facts and conditions. The tip icon indicates advice on, for example, how to design your project or how to use a certain function. Although warning hazards are...

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    Illustrations are used as an example and might show other products than the one the manual describes. The example that is illustrated is still valid. 1.5 iec 61850 edition 1 / edition 2 mapping function block names are used in act and pst to identify functions. Respective function block names of edi...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes bfptrc_f16 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f17 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f18 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f19 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f20 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f21 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f22 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f23 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f24 bfptrc bfptrc bicptrc...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes busptrc_b23 busptrc busptrc busptrc_b24 busptrc busptrc butptrc_b1 butptrc bbtplln0 butptrc butptrc_b2 butptrc butptrc butptrc_b3 butptrc butptrc butptrc_b4 butptrc butptrc butptrc_b5 butptrc butptrc butptrc_b6 butptrc butptrc butpt...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes ccsspvc ccsrdif ccsspvc cmmxu cmmxu cmmxu cmsqi cmsqi cmsqi couvgapc couvlln0 couvptov couvptuv couvptov couvptuv cvgapc gf2lln0 gf2mmxn gf2phar gf2ptov gf2ptuc gf2ptuv gf2pvoc ph1ptrc gf2mmxn gf2phar gf2ptov gf2ptuc gf2ptuv gf2pvoc...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes guppdup guppdup guppdup ph1ptrc hzpdif hzpdif hzpdif indcalch indcalh indcalh itbgapc ib16fcvb itbgapc l3cpdif l3cpdif l3cgapc l3cpdif l3cphar l3cptrc l4cpdif l4clln0 l4cpdif l4cptrc lln0 l4cgapc l4cpdif l4cpsch l4cptrc l4ufcnt l4uf...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes lt6cpdif lt6cpdif lt6cgapc lt6cpdif lt6cphar lt6cptrc mvgapc mvggio mvgapc ns2ptoc ns2lln0 ns2ptoc ns2ptrc ns2ptoc ns2ptrc ns4ptoc ef4lln0 ef4ptrc ef4rdir gen4phar ph1ptoc ef4ptrc ef4rdir ph1ptoc o2rwptov gen2lln0 o2rwptov ph1ptrc o...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes schlcch schlcch schlcch scilo scilo scilo scswi scswi scswi sdepsde sdepsde sdepsde sdeptoc sdeptov sdeptrc sesrsyn rsy1lln0 aut1rsyn man1rsyn synrsyn aut1rsyn man1rsyn synrsyn slgapc slggio slgapc smbrrec smbrrec smbrrec smpptrc sm...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes u2rwptuv gen2lln0 ph1ptrc u2rwptuv ph1ptrc u2rwptuv uv2ptuv gen2lln0 ph1ptrc uv2ptuv ph1ptrc uv2ptuv vdcptov vdcptov vdcptov vdspvc vdrfuf vdspvc vmmxu vmmxu vmmxu vmsqi vmsqi vmsqi vnmmxu vnmmxu vnmmxu vrpvoc vrlln0 ph1ptrc ph1ptuv...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes zmrpdis zmrpdis zmrpdis zmrpsb zmrpsb zmrpsb zsmgapc zsmgapc zsmgapc section 1 1mrk 502 071-uen - introduction 34 generator protection reg670 2.2 iec and injection equipment rex060, rex061, rex062 application manual.

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    Section 2 application 2.1 general ied application the reg670 is used for protection, control and monitoring of generators and generator-transformer blocks from relatively small units up to the largest generating units. The ied has a comprehensive function library, covering the requirements for most ...

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    This incorporates management of user accounts, roles and certificates and the distribution of such, a procedure completely transparent to the user. The flexible product naming allows the customer to use an ied-vendor independent iec 61850 model of the ied. This customer model will be exposed in all ...

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    If protection for lower frequencies than 9hz is required (for example, for pump- storage schemes) four step overcurrent protection with rms measurement shall be used. This function is able to operate for current signals within frequency range from 1hz up to 100hz and it is not at all dependent on an...

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    Iec11000201-2-en.Vsd g u u gen pdif 87g 3id/i sa ptuf 81 f sa ptof 81 f> fufspvc 60fl oex pvph 24 u/f> uv2 ptuv 27 3u ov2 ptov 59 3u> reg 670 2.0 zgv pdis 21 z lex pdis 40 gup pdup 37 p gop pdop 32 p rov2 ptov 59n 3uo> oc4 ptoc 51/67 3i-> cc rbrf 50bf 3i> bf ns2 ptoc 46 i2> tr pttr 49 ith psp ppam 7...

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    Iec11000204-2-en.Vsd g u u gen pdif 87g 3id/i sa ptuf 81 f sa ptof 81 f> fufspvc 60fl oex pvph 24 u/f> uv2 ptuv 27 3u ov2 ptov 59 3u> reg 670 2.0 zgv pdis 21 z lex pdis 40 gup pdup 37 p gop pdop 32 p rov2 ptov 59n 3uo> oc4 ptoc 51/67 3i-> cc rbrf 50bf 3i> bf ns2 ptoc 46 i2> psp ppam 78 ucos + rex060...

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    Iec11000206-2-en.Vsd g u u stef phiz 59thd u3d/n gen pdif 87g 3id/i sa ptuf 81 f sa ptof 81 f> fufspvc 60fl oex pvph 24 u/f> uv2 ptuv 27 3u ov2 ptov 59 3u> reg 670 2.0 zgv pdis 21 z lex pdis 40 gup pdup 37 p gop pdop 32 p rov2 ptov 59n 3uo> oc4 ptoc 51/67 3i-> cc rbrf 50bf 3i> bf ns2 ptoc 46 i2> psp...

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    Iec11000202-2-en.Vsd g u u rov2 ptov 59n un> gen pdif 87g 3id/i sa ptuf 81 f sa ptof 81 f> fufspvc 60fl reg 670 2.0 zgv pdis 21 z lex pdis 40 gup pdup 37 p gop pdop 32 p oc4 ptoc 51/67 3i-> cc rbrf 50bf 3i> bf ns2 ptoc 46 i2> tr pttr 49 ith psp ppam 78 ucos aeg pvoc 50ae u/i> stef phiz 59thd u3d/n a...

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    Iec11000203-2-en.Vsd g u u stef phiz 59thd u3d/n tr pttr 49 ith sa ptuf 81 f ef4 ptoc 50n/51n in> ref pdif 87n idn/i t3w pdif 87o 3id/i reg 670 2.0 t2w pdif 87t 3id/i rov2 ptov 59n 3uo> ns2 ptoc 46 i2> tr pttr 49 ith fufspvc 60fl zgv pdis 21 z lex pdis 40 gup pdup 37 p gop pdop 32 p psp ppam 78 ucos...

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    G u u tr pttr 49 ith sa ptuf 81 f ef4 ptoc 50n/51n in> ref pdif 87n idn/i t3w pdif 87o 3id/i reg 670 2.0 t2w pdif 87t 3id/i rov2 ptov 59n 3uo> ns2 ptoc 46 i2> tr pttr 49 ith fufspvc 60fl zgv pdis 21 z lex pdis 40 gup pdup 37 p gop pdop 32 p psp ppam 78 ucos sa ptof 81 f> oex pvph 24 u/f> uv2 ptuv 27...

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    2.2 main protection functions table 2: example of quantities 2 = number of basic instances 0-3 = option quantities 3-a03 = optional function included in packages a03 (refer to ordering details) iec 61850 or function name ansi function description generator reg670 (customized) reg670 (a20) reg670 (b3...

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    2.3 back-up protection functions iec 61850 or function name ansi function description generator reg670 (customized) reg670 (a20) reg670 (b30) reg670 (c30) current protection phpioc 50 instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 0-4 1 2 2 oc4ptoc 51_67 1) directional phase overcurrent protection, four...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description generator reg670 (customized) reg670 (a20) reg670 (b30) reg670 (c30) vdcptov 60 voltage differential protection 0-2 2 2 2 stefphiz 59thd 100% stator earth fault protection, 3rd harmonic based 0-1 1-d21 1 1 frequency protection saptuf 81 underfrequ...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description generator reg670 (customized) reg670 (a20) reg670 (b30) reg670 (c30) locrem handling of lr-switch positions 1+5/apc30 1+5/ apc3 0 1+5/ apc3 0 1+5/ apc3 0 locremctrl lhmi control of psto 1 1 1 1 sxcbr circuit breaker 18 18 18 18 tcmyltc 84 tap chan...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description generator reg670 (customized) reg670 (a20) reg670 (b30) reg670 (c30) almcalh logic for group alarm 5 5 5 5 wrncalh logic for group warning 5 5 5 5 indcalh logic for group indication 5 5 5 5 and, gate, inv, lld, or, pulsetimer, rsmemory, srmemory, ...

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    Table 3: total number of instances for basic configurable logic blocks basic configurable logic block total number of instances and 280 gate 40 inv 420 lld 40 or 298 pulsetimer 40 rsmemory 40 srmemory 40 timerset 60 xor 40 table 4: number of function instances in apc30 function name function descrip...

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    Table 5: total number of instances for configurable logic blocks q/t configurable logic blocks q/t total number of instances andqt 120 indcombspqt 20 indextspqt 20 invalidqt 22 inverterqt 120 orqt 120 pulsetimerqt 40 rsmemoryqt 40 srmemoryqt 40 timersetqt 40 xorqt 40 table 6: total number of instanc...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description generator reg670 (customized) reg670 (a20) reg670 (b30) reg670 (c30) vmsqi voltage sequence measurement 6 6 6 6 vnmmxu voltage measurement phase-earth 6 6 6 6 aisvbas general service value presentation of analog inputs 1 1 1 1 event event function...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description generator reg670 (customized) reg670 (a20) reg670 (b30) reg670 (c30) metering pcfcnt pulse-counter logic 16 16 16 16 etpmmtr function for energy calculation and demand handling 6 6 6 6 2.5 communication iec 61850 or function name ansi function des...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description generator reg670 (customized) reg670 (a20) reg670 (b30) reg670 (c30) gooseintrcv goose function block to receive an integer value 32 32 32 32 goosemvrcv goose function block to receive a measurand value 60 60 60 60 goosesprcv goose function block ...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description generator reg670 (customized) reg670 (a20) reg670 (b30) reg670 (c30) rchlcch access point diagnostic for redundant ethernet ports 3 3 3 3 dhcp dhcp configuration for front access point 1 1 1 1 qualexp iec 61850 quality expander 96 96 96 96 remote ...

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    2.6 basic ied functions table 8: basic ied functions iec 61850 or function name description interrsig self supervision with internal event list timesynchgen time synchronization module bininput, synchcan, synchgps, synchcmpps, synchlon, synchpph, synchpps, sntp, synchspa time synchronization ptp pre...

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    Table 9: local hmi functions iec 61850 or function name ansi description lhmictrl local hmi signals language local human machine language screen local hmi local human machine screen behavior fnkeyty1–fnkeyty5 fnkeymd1– fnkeymd5 parameter setting function for hmi in pcm600 ledgen general led indicati...

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    Section 3 configuration 3.1 description of reg670 3.1.1 introduction 3.1.1.1 description of configuration a20 reg670 a20 configuration is used in applications where only generator protection within one ied is required. Reg670 a20 is always delivered in 1/2 of 19" case size. Thus only 12 analogue inp...

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    G sa ptuf 81u f sa ptuf 81 f sa ptof 81o f> sa ptof 81 f> uv2 ptuv 27 2(3u ov2 ptov 59 2(3u>) vn mmxu met un v msqi met usqi cc rbrf 50bf 3i>bf gop pdop 32 p> gup pdup 37 p gs pttr 49 s θ> c mmxu met i gen pdif 87g 3id/i> zgv pdis 21 z cv gapc 64r re cv gapc 2(i>/u lex pdis 40 Φ drp rdre dfr/ser dr ...

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    Reg670 b30 functional library includes additional functions, which are not configured, such as additional multipurpose protection functions, synchrocheck function, second generator differential protection function, and so on. It is as well possible to order optional two- or three-winding transformer...

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    Auxiliary bus y unit step-up trafo aux ili ary traf o ex cit ati on t ra fo cc rbrf 50bf 3i>bf ef4 ptoc 51n_67n 4(in>) rov2 ptov 59n 2(u0>) sa ptuf 81u f sa ptuf 81 f sa ptof 81o f> sa ptof 81 f> uv2 ptuv 27 2(3u ov2 ptov 59 2(3u>) v msqi met usqi v mmxu met u cc rbrf 50bf 3i>bf fuf spvc u>/i rov2 p...

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    Low impedance, differential protection, transformer differential protection and overall differential protection functions. Note that pole slip protection function is optional. See figure 10 , example of one possible application. Reg670 c30 functional library includes additional functions, which are ...

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    Auxiliary bus y u ni t s te p-up t ra fo auxilia ry t ra fo cc rbrf 50bf 3i>bf rov2 ptov 59n 2(u0>) sa ptuf 81u f sa ptuf 81 f sa ptof 81o f> sa ptof 81 f> uv2 ptuv 27 2(3u ov2 ptov 59 2(3u>) v mmxu met u vn mmxu met un v msqi met usqi cc rbrf 50bf i>bf rov2 ptov 59g un> gop pdop 32 p> gup pdup 37 p...

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    Section 4 analog inputs 4.1 introduction analog input channels must be configured and set properly in order to get correct measurement results and correct protection operations. For power measuring, all directional and differential functions, the directions of the input currents must be defined in o...

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    4.2.1.1 example usually the l1 phase-to-earth voltage connected to the first vt channel number of the transformer input module (trm) is selected as the phase reference. The first vt channel number depends on the type of transformer input module. For a trm with 6 current and 6 voltage inputs the firs...

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    4.2.2.1 example 1 two ieds used for protection of two objects. Transformer protection transformer line line setting of current input: set parameter ctstarpoint with transformer as reference object. Correct setting is "toobject" forward reverse definition of direction for directional functions line p...

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    Transformer protection transformer line setting of current input: set parameter ctstarpoint with transformer as reference object. Correct setting is "toobject" forward reverse definition of direction for directional functions line protection setting of current input: set parameter ctstarpoint with t...

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    Transformer and line protection transformer line setting of current input: set parameter ctstarpoint with transformer as reference object. Correct setting is "toobject" reverse forward definition of direction for directional line functions setting of current input: set parameter ctstarpoint with tra...

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    Transformer and line protection transformer line setting of current input for transformer functions: set parameter ctstarpoint with transformer as reference object. Correct setting is "toobject" forward reverse definition of direction for directional line functions setting of current input for trans...

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    Busbar protection busbar 1 2 2 1 en06000196.Vsd ied 1 iec06000196 v2 en figure 16: example how to set ctstarpoint parameters in the ied for busbar protection, it is possible to set the ctstarpoint parameters in two ways. The first solution will be to use busbar as a reference object. In that case fo...

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    The main ct ratios must also be set. This is done by setting the two parameters ctsec and ctprim for each current channel. For a 1000/1 a ct, the following settings shall be used: • ctprim = 1000 (value in a) • ctsec = 1 (value in a). 4.2.2.4 examples on how to connect, configure and set ct inputs f...

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    However, in some cases, the following rated secondary currents are used as well: • 2a • 10a the ied fully supports all of these rated secondary values. It is recommended to: • use 1a rated ct input into the ied in order to connect cts with 1a and 2a secondary rating • use 5a rated ct input into the ...

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    L1 il 1 il 2 il 3 l2 l3 protected object ct 600/5 star connected il1 il2 il3 ied iec13000002-4-en.Vsdx 1 2 3 4 smai2 block revrot ^grp2l1 ^grp2l2 ^grp2l3 ^grp2n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ai n 5 in iec13000002 v4 en figure 18: star connected three-phase ct set with star point towards the protected object ...

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    3) these three connections are the links between the three current inputs and the three input channels of the preprocessing function block 4). Depending on the type of functions, which need this current information, more than one preprocessing block might be connected in parallel to the same three p...

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    L1 il 1 il 2 il 3 l2 l3 protected object ct 800/1 star connected il1 il2 il3 ied iec11000026-4-en.Vsdx 4 1 2 3 smai2 block revrot ^grp2l1 ^grp2l2 ^grp2l3 ^grp2n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ai n 5 in iec11000026 v4 en figure 19: star connected three-phase ct set with its star point away from the protected o...

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    L1 il 1 il 2 il 3 l2 l3 protected object ct 800/1 star connected il1 il2 il3 in ied 1 3 4 2 5 iec06000644-4-en.Vsdx 6 smai2 block revrot ^grp2l1 ^grp2l2 ^grp2l3 ^grp2n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ai n iec06000644 v4 en figure 20: star connected three-phase ct set with its star point away from the protected...

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    5) is a connection made in the signal matrix tool (smt) and application configuration tool (act), which connects the residual/neutral current input to the fourth input channel of the preprocessing function block 6). Note that this connection in smt shall not be done if the residual/neutral current i...

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    L1 il 1 il 2 il 3 l2 l3 protected object ied c t 600 /5 in d e lta d a b c o nn e c te d il1-il2 il2-il3 il3-il1 1 2 3 4 iec11000027-3-en.Vsdx smai2 block revrot ^grp2l1 ^grp2l2 ^grp2l3 ^grp2n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ai n iec11000027 v3 en figure 21: delta dab connected three-phase ct set 1mrk 502 071-...

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    Where: 1) shows how to connect three individual phase currents from a delta connected three-phase ct set to three ct inputs of the ied. 2) is the trm where these current inputs are located. It shall be noted that for all these current inputs the following setting values shall be entered. Ct prim =60...

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    L1 il 1 il 2 il 3 l2 l3 protected object ied c t 800 /1 in d e lta d a c c o n n e ct e d il3-il2 il2-il1 il1-il3 2 3 4 iec11000028-3-en.Vsdx smai2 block revrot ^grp2l1 ^grp2l2 ^grp2l3 ^grp2n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ai n 1 iec11000028 v3 en figure 22: delta dac connected three-phase ct set in this case...

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    Protected object l1 l2 l3 ied in p ins ins 2 iec11000029-4-en.Vsdx 4 3 c t 1000 /1 a) b) (+) (+) (-) (-) (+) (-) 1 smai2 block revrot ^grp2l1 ^grp2l2 ^grp2l3 ^grp2n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ai n iec11000029 v4 en figure 23: connections for single-phase ct input where: 1) shows how to connect single-phas...

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    Primary current among all cts involved in the protection scheme. The rated ct primary current value is set as parameter ctprim under the ied trm settings. For all other protection applications (e.G. Generator, shunt reactor, shunt capacitor and transformer protection) it is typically desirable to se...

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    4.2.4.2 examples how to connect, configure and set vt inputs for most commonly used vt connections figure 24 defines the marking of voltage transformer terminals commonly used around the world. A (h1) b (h2) b (x2) a (x1) a (h1) n (h2) n (x2) a (x1) b) c) a (h1) n (h2) dn (x2) da (x1) d) u pri + + u...

  • Page 89

    For correct terminal designations, see the connection diagrams valid for the delivered ied. L1 ied l2 l3 66 3 110 3 kv v 1 3 2 66 3 110 3 kv v 66 3 110 3 kv v . #not used 5 iec06000599-4-en.Vsdx 4 smai2 block revrot ^grp2l1 ^grp2l2 ^grp2l3 ^grp2n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ai n iec06000599 v4 en figure 25...

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    Where: 1) shows how to connect three secondary phase-to-earth voltages to three vt inputs on the ied 2) is the trm where these three voltage inputs are located. For these three voltage inputs, the following setting values shall be entered: vtprim = 132 kv vtsec = 110 v inside the ied, only the ratio...

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    L1 ied l2 l3 13.8 120 kv v 1 2 #not used 13.8 120 kv v . 5 iec06000600-5-en.Vsdx 4 smai2 block revrot ^grp2l1 ^grp2l2 ^grp2l3 ^grp2n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ai n 3 iec06000600 v5 en figure 27: a two phase-to-phase connected vt where: 1) shows how to connect the secondary side of a phase-to-phase vt to ...

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    3) are three connections made in the signal matrix tool (smt), application configuration tool (act), which connects these three voltage inputs to first three input channels of the preprocessing function block 5). Depending on the type of functions, which need this voltage information, more than one ...

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    L1 ied l2 l3 6.6 3 110 3 kv v +3uo 6.6 3 110 3 kv v 6.6 3 110 3 kv v 1 2 4 3 # not used 5 iec06000601-4-en.Vsdx # not used # not used smai2 block revrot ^grp2l1 ^grp2l2 ^grp2l3 ^grp2n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ai n iec06000601 v4 en figure 28: open delta connected vt in high impedance earthed power syste...

  • Page 94

    Where: 1) shows how to connect the secondary side of the open delta vt to one vt input on the ied. +3u0 shall be connected to the ied 2) is the trm where this voltage input is located. It shall be noted that for this voltage input the following setting values shall be entered: 3 6.6 11.43 vtprim kv ...

  • Page 95

    4.2.4.6 example how to connect the open delta vt to the ied for low impedance earthed or solidly earthed power systems figure 29 gives an example about the connection of an open delta vt to the ied for low impedance earthed or solidly earthed power systems. It shall be noted that this type of vt con...

  • Page 96

    Where: 1) shows how to connect the secondary side of open delta vt to one vt input in the ied. +3uo shall be connected to the ied. 2) is trm where this voltage input is located. It shall be noted that for this voltage input the following setting values shall be entered: 138 3 138 3 vtprim kv = × = e...

  • Page 97

    In case of a solid earth fault in high impedance earthed or unearthed systems the primary value of uo voltage will be equal to: 0 3 ph ph ph e u u u - - = = equation1931 v2 en (equation 11) figure 30 gives an overview of required actions by the user in order to make this measurement available to the...

  • Page 98

    Where: 1) shows how to connect the secondary side of neutral point vt to one vt input in the ied. U 0 shall be connected to the ied. 2) is the trm or aim where this voltage input is located. For this voltage input the following setting values shall be entered: 6.6 3.81 3 vtprim kv = = equation1933 v...

  • Page 99

    Section 5 local hmi iec13000239-3-en.Vsd iec13000239 v3 en figure 31: local human-machine interface the lhmi of the ied contains the following elements: • keypad • display (lcd) • led indicators • communication port for pcm600 1mrk 502 071-uen - section 5 local hmi generator protection reg670 2.2 ie...

  • Page 100

    The lhmi is used for setting, monitoring and controlling. 5.1 display the lhmi includes a graphical monochrome liquid crystal display (lcd) with a resolution of 320 x 240 pixels. The character size can vary. The amount of characters and rows fitting the view depends on the character size and the vie...

  • Page 101

    Feedback signal for the function button control action. The led is connected to the required signal with pcm600. Iec13000281-1-en.Vsd guid-c98d972d-d1d8-4734-b419-161dbc0dc97b v1 en figure 33: function button panel the indication led panel shows on request the alarm text labels for the indication le...

  • Page 102

    5.2 leds the lhmi includes three status leds above the display: ready, start and trip. There are 15 programmable indication leds on the front of the lhmi. Each led can indicate three states with the colors: green, yellow and red. The texts related to each three-color led are divided into three panel...

  • Page 103

    5.3 keypad the lhmi keypad contains push-buttons which are used to navigate in different views or menus. The push-buttons are also used to acknowledge alarms, reset indications, provide help and switch between local and remote control mode. The keypad also contains programmable push-buttons that can...

  • Page 104

    1 18 19 7 6 5 4 3 2 8 20 21 22 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 23 24 iec15000157-2-en.Vsd iec15000157 v2 en figure 36: lhmi keypad with object control, navigation and command push- buttons and rj-45 communication port 1...5 function button 6 close 7 open 8 escape 9 left 10 down 11 up 12 right 13 key 14 en...

  • Page 105

    19 menu 20 clear 21 help 22 communication port 23 programmable indication leds 24 ied status leds 5.4 local hmi functionality 5.4.1 protection and alarm indication protection indicators the protection indicator leds are ready, start and trip. The start and trip leds are configured via the disturbanc...

  • Page 106

    Table 12: trip led (red) led state description off normal operation. On a protection function has tripped. An indication message is displayed if the auto-indication feature is enabled in the local hmi. The trip indication is latching and must be reset via communication, lhmi or binary input on the l...

  • Page 107

    5.4.3 front communication the rj-45 port in the lhmi enables front communication. • the green uplink led on the left is lit when the cable is successfully connected to the port. • the yellow led is not used; it is always off. Iec13000280-1-en.Vsd 1 2 guid-aacfc753-bfb9-47fe-9512-3c4180731a1b v1 en f...

  • Page 108

    102.

  • Page 109

    Section 6 wide area measurement system 6.1 c37.118 phasor measurement data streaming protocol configuration pmuconf 6.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number configuration parameters for ieee 1344 and c37.118 protocol pm...

  • Page 110

    Able to communicate. More information is available in the sections short guidance for the use of tcp and short guidance for the use of udp . Pmureport: 1 pmureport: 2 pmu id: x pmu id: y tcp ip tcp port tcp client_1 tcp client_2 tcp client_3 tcp client_4 tcp client_5 tcp client_6 tcp client_7 tcp cl...

  • Page 111

    All the frames (the header frame, configuration frame, command frame and data frame) are communicated over the same tcp port. The client can request (by sending a command frame) a configuration and/or header via the tcp channel and the requested configuration and/or header will be sent back to the c...

  • Page 112

    5. Udpdestport[x] – udp destination port number for udp client group[x] 6. Tcpportudpdatactrl[x] – tcp port to control of data sent over udp client group[x], i.E. To receive commands and send configuration frames 7. Sendcfgonudp[x] – send configuration frame 2 (cfg-2) on udp for client group[x] it i...

  • Page 113

    In case of multicast ip, it will be the network switches and routers that take care of replicating the packet to reach multiple receivers. Multicast mechanism uses network infrastructure efficiently by requiring the ied to send a packet only once, even if it needs to be delivered to a large number o...

  • Page 114

    Pmu's service class (protection or measurement), phasor representation (polar or rectangular) and the data types for phasor data, analog data and frequency data. Synchrophasor data can be reported to up to 8 clients over tcp and/or 6 udp group clients for multicast or unicast transmission of phasor ...

  • Page 115

    Iec140000119-2-en.Vsd iec140000119 v2 en figure 40: multiple instances of phasorreport blocks figure 41 shows both instances of analogreport function blocks. The instance number is visible in the bottom of each function block. For each instance, there are three separate analogreport blocks capable o...

  • Page 116

    Iec140000121-2-en.Vsd iec140000121 v2 en figure 42: multiple instances of binaryreport blocks 6.2.3 operation principle the phasor measurement unit (pmu) features three main functional principles: • to measure the power system related ac quantities (voltage, current) and to calculate the phasor repr...

  • Page 117

    Figure 43 shows an overview of the pmu functionality and operation. In this figure, only one instance of pmureport (pmureport1) is shown. Note that connection of different signals to the pmureport, in this figure, is only an example and the actual connections and reported signals on the ieeec37.118/...

  • Page 118

    Feature is essential for proper operation of the pmureport function or for protection during generator start-up and shut-down procedure. This adaptive filtering is ensured by proper configuration and settings of all relevant pre-processing blocks, see signal matrix for analog inputs in the applicati...

  • Page 119

    Name type values (range) unit description freqrefchsel integer - - frequency reference channel number selected freqrefcherr boolean 0=freq ref not available 1=freq ref error 2=freq ref available - frequency reference channel error freqtrig boolean - - frequency trigger dfdttrig boolean - - rate of c...

  • Page 120

    6.2.3.3 scaling factors for analogreport channels the internal calculation of analog values in the ied is based on 32 bit floating point. Therefore, if the user selects to report the analog data ( analogdatatype ) as integer , there will be a down-conversion of a 32 bit floating value to a new 16 bi...

  • Page 121

    The scale factor is calculated as follows: (3277.0 2.0) 0.1 and 0.0 65535.0 scalefactor offset ´ = = = iecequation2447 v1 en the scale factor will be sent as 1 on configuration frame 2, and 0.1 on configuration frame 3. The range of analog values that can be transmitted in this case is -0.1 to -3276...

  • Page 122

    Only smai or 3phsum blocks shall be connected to pmu phasorreport blocks and they shall have the same cycle time, 0.9 ms. Figure 44 shows an example of correct connection of smai and phasorreport blocks in act where both function blocks are working on 0.9 ms cycle time. Iec140000124-2-en.Vsd iec1400...

  • Page 123

    Iec140000126-2-en.Vsd iec140000126 v2 en figure 46: pmureport settings in pcm600 pst figure 47 shows an example of correct connection of smai and phasorreport blocks in act where two different smai blocks are connected to different phasorreport blocks with different instance numbers. In this example...

  • Page 124

    Be compliant with ieee c37.118 standard. The reason is that the filtering in smai/ 3phsum block is adapted according to the performance class (svcclass) and reporting rate of the connected instance of phasorreport function block. In this example, smai1 will adapt its filtering according to phasorrep...

  • Page 125

    Iec140000129-2-en.Vsd iec140000129 v2 en figure 49: an example of correct connection of 3phsum and phasorreport blocks in act iec140000130-1-en.Vsd iec140000130 v1 en figure 50: smai1 setting parameters example-showing that smai3 is selected as the dft reference (dftrefgrp3) 1mrk 502 071-uen - secti...

  • Page 126

    Iec140000131-1-en iec140000131 v1 en figure 51: 3phsum setting parameters example-showing that 3phsum is using the external dft reference coming indirectly from smai3 figure 52 shows an example of wrong connection of 3phsum and phasorreport blocks in act where smai3 is configured as the reference bl...

  • Page 127

    Smai reference block. Therefore, in order to avoid two different filtering applied to the 3phsum block, both smai reference block and 3phsum shall be connected to the same phasorreport instance. In this example (figure 52 ), smai3 adapts its filtering according to phasorreport1 instance 2 (due to co...

  • Page 128

    Each category has its corresponding parameter settings except for binaryreport function block which does not have any specific parameters and settings. 1. Pmureport is the main function block which controls the operation of other pmu reporting function blocks. Each instance of pmureport function blo...

  • Page 129

    C37.118.2 message format. Depends on the phasor data type, the size of phasors field can be 4 (integer) or 8 (float) bytes per ieee c37.118.2 message. Integer data type for the phasors corresponds to a 16-bit integer value. It represents a 16-bit signed integer, range –32 767 to +32 767, in rectangu...

  • Page 130

    • sendfreqinfo : enables/disables sending of the frequency-deviation and rate of change of frequency (rocof) data by choosing on / off setting. • reportrate : it refers to the 2-byte data_rate field of the configuration frames 1, 2 and 3 organization defined in ieee c37.118.2 message format. The dat...

  • Page 131

    • a • b • c • negseq • posseq • zeroseq • phasorxusefreqsrc : enables/disables the contribution of phasor channel x in automatic frequency source selection by choosing on / off setting. Each voltage-connected preprocessor block delivers the frequency data, derived from the analog input ac voltage va...

  • Page 132

    126.

  • Page 133

    Section 7 differential protection 7.1 transformer differential protection t2wpdif and t3wpdif 7.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number transformer differential protection, two- winding t2wpdif 3id/i symbol-bb v1 en 87t ...

  • Page 134

    It is important that the faulty transformer be disconnected as fast as possible. As the differential protection is a unit protection it can be designed for fast tripping, thus providing selective disconnection of the faulty transformer. The differential protection should never operate on faults outs...

  • Page 135

    Function uses the highest current of all restrain inputs as bias current. For applications where the power transformer rated current and the ct primary rated current can differ considerably, (applications with t-connections), measured currents in the t connections are converted to pu value using the...

  • Page 136

    Differential current to appear. Differential protection can overcome this problem if the bias is obtained separately from each set of current transformer circuits. It is therefore important to avoid paralleling of two or more current transformers for connection to a single restraint input. Each curr...

  • Page 137

    Section 1 operate conditionally unrestrainedlimit section 2 section 3 restrain operate unconditionally 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 idmin endsection1 endsection2 restrain current [ times ibase ] operate current [ times ibase ] slopesection2 slopesection3 en05000187-2.Vsd iec05000187 v2 en figure 53: repr...

  • Page 138

    Connection groups of the yd or dy type cannot transform zero sequence current. If a delta winding of a power transformer is earthed via an earthing transformer inside the zone protected by the differential protection there will be an unwanted differential current in case of an external earth-fault. ...

  • Page 139

    7.1.3.5 cross-blocking between phases basic definition of the cross-blocking is that one of the three phases can block operation (that is, tripping) of the other two phases due to the harmonic pollution of the differential current in that phase (waveform, 2nd or 5th harmonic content). In the algorit...

  • Page 140

    If the above conditions concerning magnitudes are fulfilled, the internal/external fault discriminator compares the relative phase angle between the negative sequence current contributions from the hv side and lv side of the power transformer using the following two rules : • if the negative sequenc...

  • Page 141

    If one of the windings is not connected, the algorithm automatically reduces to the two-winding version. Nevertheless, the whole power transformer is protected, including the non-connected winding. 7.1.3.7 on-line compensation for on-load tap-changer position the transformer differential function in...

  • Page 142

    7.1.3.9 open ct detection the generator differential function has a built-in, advanced open ct detection feature. This feature can block the unexpected operation created by the generator differential function in case of open ct secondary circuit under normal load condition. An alarm signal can also ...

  • Page 143

    • power transformer phase shift (vector group compensation) • ct secondary currents magnitude difference on different sides of the protected transformer (ratio compensation) • zero sequence current elimination (zero sequence current reduction) shall be done. In the past this was performed with help ...

  • Page 144

    L1 il1 il 1- il 2 il 2- il 3 il 3- il 1 il 1- il 3 il 2- il 1 il 3- il 2 il 1 il 2 il 3 protected transformer winding ct star connected ct in delta dac connected ct in delta dab connected il2 il3 l2 l3 en06000549.Vsd iec06000549 v1 en figure 54: commonly used main ct connections for transformer diff...

  • Page 145

    • are increased √3 times (1.732 times) in comparison with star connected cts • lead by 30° the primary winding currents (this ct connection rotates currents by 30° in anti-clockwise direction) • do not contain zero sequence current component for dab delta connected main ct ratio shall be set for √3 ...

  • Page 146

    Ct 300/5 in delta (dac) ct 800/5 star 20.9 mva 69/12.5 kv ynd1 (yd ac ) ct 300/5 star ct 800/5 star 20.9 mva 69/12.5 kv ynd1 (yd ac ) en06000554.Vsd iec06000554 v1 en figure 55: two differential protection solutions for star-delta connected power transformer for this particular power transformer the...

  • Page 147

    Table 15: ct input channels used for the lv side cts setting parameter selected value for both solutions ctprim 800 ctsec 5 ctstarpoint toobject 5. Enter the following settings for all three ct input channels used for the hv side cts, see table 16 . Table 16: ct input channels used for the hv side c...

  • Page 148

    Setting parameter select value for solution 1 (star connected ct) selected value for solution 2 (delta connected ct) locationoltc1 not used not used other parameters not relevant for this application. Use default value. Not relevant for this application. Use default value. 1) to compensate for delta...

  • Page 149

    To ensure proper application of the ied for this power transformer it is necessary to do the following: 1. Check that hv & lv cts are connected to 5 a ct inputs in the ied. 2. For second solution make sure that lv delta connected cts are dab connected. 3. For star connected cts make sure how they ar...

  • Page 150

    Setting parameter selected value for both solution 1 (star conected ct) selected value for both solution 2 (delta connected ct) connecttypew1 delta (d) star (y) 1) connecttypew2 star=y star=y clocknumberw2 1 [30 deg lag] 0 [0 deg] 1) zscurrsubtrw1 off off zscurrsubtrw2 on on 2) tconfigforw1 no no tc...

  • Page 151

    For this particular power transformer the 110 kv side phase-to-earth no-load voltages are exactly in phase with the 36.75 kv side phase-to-earth no-load voltages. Thus, when external phase angle shift compensation is done by connecting main cts in delta, both set of cts must be identically connected...

  • Page 152

    To compensate for delta connected cts, see equation 20 . 7. Enter the following values for the general settings of the differential protection function, see table 22 table 22: general settings of the differential protection function setting parameter selected value for both solution 1 (star connecte...

  • Page 153

    The following table summarizes the most commonly used star-delta vector groups around the world and provides information about the required type of main ct delta connection on the star side of the protected transformer. Iec vector group positive sequence no-load voltage phasor diagram required delta...

  • Page 154

    7.2 high impedance differential protection, single phase hzpdif 7.2.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number high impedance differential protection, single phase hzpdif id symbol-cc v2 en 87 7.2.2 application the 1ph high i...

  • Page 155

    3·id 3·id id 3·id 3·id g 3·id iec05000163-4-en.Vsd iec05000163 v4 en 1mrk 502 071-uen - section 7 differential protection generator protection reg670 2.2 iec and injection equipment rex060, rex061, rex062 149 application manual.

  • Page 156

    3·id z 3·id z iec05000738-3-en.Vsd iec05000738 v3 en figure 58: different applications of a 1ph high impedance differential protection hzpdif function 7.2.2.1 the basics of the high impedance principle the high impedance differential protection principle has been used for many years and is well docu...

  • Page 157

    Id iec05000164-2-en.Vsd r metrosil iec05000164 v3 en figure 59: example for the high impedance restricted earth fault protection application for a through fault one current transformer might saturate when the other cts still will feed current. For such a case a voltage will be developed across the m...

  • Page 158

    The minimum operating voltage has to be calculated (all loops) and the ied function is set higher than the highest achieved value (setting u>trip ). As the loop resistance is the value to the connection point from each ct, it is advisable to do all the ct core summations in the switchgear to have sh...

  • Page 159

    Operating voltage u>trip stabilizing resistor r ohms operating current level 1 a stabilizing resistor r ohms operating current level 1 a 80 v 2000 0.040 a 800 0.100 a 100 v 2500 0.040 a 1000 0.100 a 150 v 3750 0.040 a 1500 0.100 a 200 v 5000 0.040 a 2000 0.100 a table 24: 5 a channels: input with mi...

  • Page 160

    The voltage dependent resistor (metrosil) characteristic is shown in figure 66 . Series resistor thermal capacity the series resistor is dimensioned for 200 w. Preferable the u>trip 2 /seriesresistor should always be lower than 200 w to allow continuous activation during testing. If this value is ex...

  • Page 161

    I> r rres rl rct rct rl ur a) through load situation b) through fault situation ur ur c) internal faults ur protected object iec05000427-2-en.Vsd iec05000427 v2 en figure 60: the high impedance principle for one phase with two current transformer inputs 1mrk 502 071-uen - section 7 differential prot...

  • Page 162

    7.2.3 connection examples for high impedance differential protection warning! Use extreme caution! Dangerously high voltages might be present on this equipment, especially on the plate with resistors. De-energize the primary object protected with this equipment before connecting or disconnecting wir...

  • Page 163

    Pos description 1 scheme earthing point it is important to insure that only one earthing point exist in this scheme. 2 three-phase plate with setting resistors and metrosils. Protective earth is a separate 4 mm screw terminal on the plate. 3 necessary connection for three-phase metrosil set. 4 posit...

  • Page 164

    L1 (a) l2 (b) l3 (c) protected object ct 1500/5 star/wye connected 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 ai01 (i) ai02 (i) ai03 (i) ai04 (i) ai05 (i) ai06 (i) ied x1 r1 1 2 4 5 u r2 1 3 4 2 1 2 3 n 1-ph plate with metrosil and resistor n l1 (a) l2 (b) l3 (c) ct 1500/5 =iec07000194=5=en=original.Vsdx smai2 bloc...

  • Page 165

    7.2.4.2 settings of protection function operation : the operation of the high impedance differential function can be switched on or off . U>alarm : set the alarm level. The sensitivity can roughly be calculated as a certain percentage of the selected trip level. A typical setting is 10% of u>trip th...

  • Page 166

    3·id iec05000165-2-en.Vsd iec05000165 v2 en 3·id iec05000739-2-en.Vsd iec05000739 v2 en figure 63: the protection scheme utilizing the high impedance function for the t-feeder section 7 1mrk 502 071-uen - differential protection 160 generator protection reg670 2.2 iec and injection equipment rex060,...

  • Page 167

    Normally this scheme is set to achieve a sensitivity of around 20 percent of the used ct primary rating so that a low ohmic value can be used for the series resistor. It is strongly recommended to use the highest tap of the ct whenever high impedance protection is used. This helps in utilizing maxim...

  • Page 168

    Ip approx a = ° + ° + × − ° ( ) × ≤ − 2000 1 100 0 20 0 3 10 60 10 275 3 equation1209 v2 en (equation 25) where 100 ma is the current drawn by the ied circuit and 10 ma is the current drawn by each ct just at pickup 20 ma is current drawn by metrosil at pickup the magnetizing current is taken from t...

  • Page 169

    3·id iec05000176-3-en.Vsd iec05000176 v3 en figure 64: application of the1ph high impedance differential protection hzpdif function on a reactor setting example it is strongly recommended to use the highest tap of the ct whenever high impedance protection is used. This helps in utilizing maximum ct ...

  • Page 170

    Basic data: current transformer ratio: 100/5 a (note: must be the same at all locations) ct class: 10 va 5p20 secondary resistance: 0.26 ohms cable loop resistance: 2 (one way) gives 1 ˣ 0.4 ohm at 75° c note! Only one way as the tertiary power system earthing is limiting the earth-fault current. If...

  • Page 171

    7.2.4.5 restricted earth fault protection for solidly earthed systems a restricted earth fault protection refpdif is often provided as a complement to the normal transformer differential function. The advantage with the restricted earth fault functions is the high sensitivity for internal earth faul...

  • Page 172

    Basic data: secondary resistance: 0.66 ohms cable loop resistance: 2 (one way) gives 2 ˣ 0.4 ohm at 75° c max fault current: the maximum through fault current is limited by the transformer reactance, use 15 ˣ rated current of the transformer calculation: ( ) 250 15 0.66 0.8 18.25 300 ur v > × × + = ...

  • Page 173

    As seen in the setting examples above the sensitivity of hzpdif function is normally high, which means that the function will in many cases operate also for short circuits or open current transformer secondary circuits. However the stabilizing resistor can be selected to achieve sensitivity higher t...

  • Page 174

    7.3.2 application short circuit between the phases of the stator windings causes normally very large fault currents. The short circuit generates risk of damages on insulation, windings and stator core. The large short circuit currents cause large current forces, which can damage other components in ...

  • Page 175

    T i(t) en06000312.Vsd iec06000312 v1 en figure 67: typical for generators are long dc time constants. Their relation can be such that the instantaneous fault current is more than 100 % offset in the beginning. 7.3.3 setting guidelines generator differential protection genpdif makes evaluation in dif...

  • Page 176

    Globalbasesel : selects the global base value group used by the function to define (ibase) , (ubase) and (sbase) . Invertct2curr : it is normally assumed that the secondary winding of the cts of the generator are earthed towards the generator, as shown in figure 68 . In this case the parameter inver...

  • Page 177

    Section 1 operate conditionally unrestrainedlimit section 2 section 3 restrain operate unconditionally 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 idmin endsection1 endsection2 restrain current [ times ibase ] operate current [ times ibase ] slopesection2 slopesection3 en05000187-2.Vsd iec05000187 v2 en figure 69: oper...

  • Page 178

    Idunre : idunre is the sensitivity of the unrestrained differential protection stage. The choice of setting value can be based on calculation of the largest short circuit current from the generator at fault in the external power system (normally three-phase short circuit just outside of the protecti...

  • Page 179

    Internal fault region 0 deg 180 deg 90 deg 270 deg 120 deg angle could not be measured. One or both currents too small negseqroa (relay operate angle) iminnegseq internal / external fault boundary. Default ± 60 deg external fault region the characteristic is defined by the settings: iminnegseq and n...

  • Page 180

    • openct : open ct detected • openctalarm : alarm issued after the setting delay • openctin : open ct in ct group inputs (1 for input 1 and 2 for input 2) • openctph : open ct with phase information (1 for phase l1, 2 for phase l2, 3 for phase l3) 7.3.3.5 other additional options harmdistlimit : thi...

  • Page 181

    Security if the primary system dc time constant is very long, thus giving risk of current transformer saturation, even for small currents. It is recommended to set operdcbiasing = on if the current transformers on the two sides of the generator are of different make with different magnetizing charac...

  • Page 182

    The restricted earth fault protection is not affected, as a differential protection, with the following power transformer related phenomena: • magnetizing inrush currents • overexcitation magnetizing currents • load tap changer • external and internal phase faults which do not involve earth • symmet...

  • Page 183

    7.4.2.2 transformer winding, earthed through zig-zag earthing transformer a common application is for low reactance earthed transformer where the earthing is through separate zig-zag earthing transformers. The fault current is then limited to typical 800 to 2000 a for each transformer. The connectio...

  • Page 184

    7.4.2.3 autotransformer winding, solidly earthed autotransformers can be protected with the low impedance restricted earth-fault protection function refpdif. The complete transformer will then be protected including the hv side, the neutral connection and the lv side. The connection of refpdif for t...

  • Page 185

    Reactor refpdif i3pw1ct1 i3p idn/i iec09000112-4.Vsd iec09000112-4 v2 en figure 75: connection of restricted earth-fault, low impedance function refpdif for a solidly earthed reactor 7.4.2.5 multi-breaker applications multi-breaker arrangements including ring, one and a half breaker, double breaker ...

  • Page 186

    Refpdif i3pw1ct1 i3p idn/i i3pw1ct2 protected winding iec09000113-3.Vsd iec09000113-3 v2 en figure 76: connection of restricted earth fault, low impedance function refpdif in multi-breaker arrangements 7.4.2.6 ct earthing direction to make the restricted earth fault protection refpdif operate correc...

  • Page 187

    I3pw2ct1: phase currents for winding 2 first current transformer set. Used for autotransformers. I3pw2ct2: phase currents for winding 2 second current transformer set for multi- breaker arrangements. Used when protecting an autotransformer. When not required, configure input to "grp-off". Recommenda...

  • Page 188

    Level can be required. The setting is normally 1.0 but in multi-breaker arrangement the setting shall be ct primary rating/ ibase . Ctfactorpri2 : a factor to allow a sensitive function also at multi-breaker arrangement where the rating in the bay is much higher than the rated current of the transfo...

  • Page 189

    Section 8 impedance protection 8.1 full-scheme distance measuring, mho characteristic zmhpdis 8.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number full-scheme distance protection, mho characteristic zmhpdis s00346 v1 en 21 8.1.2 ap...

  • Page 190

    Iec10000101 v3 en figure 77: mho function example configuration for generator protection application 8.1.3.2 settings full-scheme distance measuring, mho characteristic zmhpdis used as an under- impedance function shall be set for the application example shown in figure 78 section 8 1mrk 502 071-uen...

  • Page 191

    ~ hv substation zmh pdis 21 z y y @ generator cb auxiliary transformer step-up transformer excitation transformer hv cb f ie ld c b ct: 4000/5 vt: 13,5kv/110v 70mva 13,2kv 3062a 65mva 123/13kv x t =10% reg670 iec10000102 v1 en figure 78: application example for generator under-impedance function the...

  • Page 192

    2 2 10 13 0, 26 100 100 65 t r t x u x s = × = × = w iec-equation2318 v1 en then the reach in primary ohms shall be set to 100% of transformer impedance. Thus the reach shall be set to 0,26Ω primary. Set the first zone of full-scheme distance measuring, mho characteristic zmhpdis to disable phase-to...

  • Page 193

    Zr ev pp zangpp } } zp p x r iec10000105-1-en.Vsd iec10000105 v1 en figure 79: operating characteristic for phase-to-phase loops 8.2 high speed distance protection zmfpdis zmfpdis can be used according to the application description below only if vt and ct of the line feeder are wired to reg670. 8.2...

  • Page 194

    8.2.2 application the fast distance protection function zmfpdis in the ied is designed to provide sub- cycle, down to half-cycle operating time for basic faults. At the same time, it is specifically designed for extra care during difficult conditions in high-voltage transmission networks, like fault...

  • Page 195

    Z 0 is the zero sequence impedance (Ω/phase) z f is the fault impedance (Ω), often resistive z n is the earth-return impedance defined as (z 0 -z 1 )/3 the high zero-sequence current in solidly earthed networks makes it possible to use impedance measuring techniques to detect earth faults. However, ...

  • Page 196

    Same way as for solidly earthed networks, distance protection has limited possibilities to detect high resistance faults and should therefore always be complemented with other protection function(s) that can carry out the fault clearance in this case. High impedance earthed networks in high impedanc...

  • Page 197

    Iec05000216 v2 en figure 81: high impedance earthing network the operation of high impedance earthed networks is different compared to solid earthed networks, where all major faults have to be cleared very fast. In high impedance earthed networks, some system operators do not clear single phase-to- ...

  • Page 198

    The infeed factor (i a +i b )/i a can be very high, 10-20 depending on the differences in source impedances at local and remote end. Z zl z e sa u a u b a b e sb i a i b r f p*zl (1-p)*zl z sa z sb iec09000247-1-en.Vsd iec09000247 v1 en figure 82: influence of fault current infeed from remote line e...

  • Page 199

    Used on heavy loaded, medium long lines. For short lines, the major concern is to get sufficient fault resistance coverage. Load encroachment is not a major problem. See section "zone reach setting lower than minimum load impedance" . R z1 argld rldfw iec09000248-3-en.Vsdx x rldrv [1] iec09000248 v3...

  • Page 200

    8.2.2.5 long transmission line application for long transmission lines, the margin to the load impedance, that is, to avoid load encroachment, will normally be a major concern. It is well known that it is difficult to achieve high sensitivity for phase-to-earth fault at remote line end of long lines...

  • Page 201

    One example of class 3 networks could be the mutual coupling between a 400 kv line and rail road overhead lines. This type of mutual coupling is not so common although it exists and is not treated any further in this manual. For each type of network class, there are three different topologies; the p...

  • Page 202

    Where: uph is phase to earth voltage at the relay point iph is phase current in the faulty phase 3i0 is earth fault current z1 is positive sequence impedance z0 is zero sequence impedance z 0m a b z z iec09000250_1_en.Vsd iec09000250 v1 en figure 84: class 1, parallel line in service the equivalent ...

  • Page 203

    The second part in the parentheses is the error introduced to the measurement of the line impedance. If the current on the parallel line has negative sign compared to the current on the protected line, that is, the current on the parallel line has an opposite direction compared to the current on the...

  • Page 204

    End, it is proportionally increased at the opposite line end. So this 15% reach reduction does not significantly affect the operation of a permissive underreaching scheme. Parallel line out of service and earthed z 0m a b z z iec09000251_1_en.Vsd iec09000251 v1 en figure 86: the parallel line is out...

  • Page 205

    R r x r x e m 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 = ⋅ + + document11520-img3502 v2 en (equation 49) x x x r x e m 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 = ⋅ − + document11520-img3503 v2 en (equation 50) parallel line out of service and not earthed z 0m a b z z iec09000254_1_en.Vsd iec09000254 v1 en figure 88: parallel line is out of serv...

  • Page 206

    ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 3 e f m u f f z z r z k z z z r z z r × × + + = = - × × + + × × + + equation1284 v1 en (equation 51) this means that the reach is reduced in reactive and resistive directions. If the real and imaginary components of the constant a are equal to equation 5...

  • Page 207

    C b bc iec09000160-3-en.Vsd a iec09000160 v3 en figure 90: example of tapped line with auto transformer this application gives rise to similar problem that was highlighted in section "influence of fault current infeed from remote line end" , that is increased measured impedance due to fault current ...

  • Page 208

    For this example with a fault between t and b, the measured impedance from the t point to the fault will be increased by a factor defined as the sum of the currents from t point to the fault divided by the ied current. For the ied at c, the impedance on the high voltage side u1 has to be transferred...

  • Page 209

    8.2.3 setting guidelines 8.2.3.1 general the settings for distance measuring zones, quadrilateral characteristic (zmfpdis) are done in primary values. The instrument transformer ratio that has been set for the analog input card is used to automatically convert the measured secondary input signals to...

  • Page 210

    • the impedance corresponding to the protected line, plus the first zone reach of the shortest adjacent line. • the impedance corresponding to the protected line, plus the impedance of the maximum number of transformers operating in parallel on the bus at the remote end of the protected line. Larger...

  • Page 211

    Consider the possible enlarging factor that might exist due to fault infeed from adjacent lines. Equation 60 can be used to calculate the reach in reverse direction when the zone is used for blocking scheme, weak-end infeed, and so on. ( ) 1.2 2 ³ × - zrev zl z rem equation1525 v5 en (equation 60) w...

  • Page 212

    0 0 1 2 1 0 m f z k z z r = - × + + equation1426 v1 en (equation 63) if the denominator in equation 63 is called b and z0m is simplified to x0m, then the real and imaginary part of the reach reduction factor for the overreaching zones can be written as: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 0 re re 0 1 re im x m b k ...

  • Page 213

    1 r 2 r1zx r0zx rfpezx 3 iecequation2303 v2 en (equation 68) 2 x1zx x0zx arctan 2 r1zx r0zx loop equation2304 v2 en (equation 69) setting of the resistive reach for the underreaching zone 1 should follow the condition to minimize the risk for overreaching: rfpezx 4.5 x1zx iecequation2305 v2 en (equa...

  • Page 214

    Z loadmin u 2 s ------- = equation571 v1 en (equation 72) where: u the minimum phase-to-phase voltage in kv s the maximum apparent power in mva. The load impedance [Ω/phase] is a function of the minimum operation voltage and the maximum load current: z load u min 3 i max × ---------------------- = e...

  • Page 215

    To avoid load encroachment for the phase-to-phase measuring elements, the set resistive reach of any distance protection zone must be less than 160% of the minimum load impedance. Load 1.6 z rfppzx equation579 v3 en (equation 76) equation 76 is applicable only when the loop characteristic angle for ...

  • Page 216

    R x rldfw rldrv argld 90% 10% 10% argld possible load argld argld r x rldfw rldrv x l d x l d argld argld argld argld iec12000176-2-en.Vsd iec12000176 v2 en figure 92: load impedance limitation with load encroachment during the initial current change for phase-to-phase and for phase-to-earth faults,...

  • Page 217

    These settings, two per zone (x=1,2..5&rv), with options {off, quadrilateral, mho, offset}, are used to set the operation and characteristic for phase-to-earth and phase- to-phase faults, respectively. For example, in one zone it is possible to choose mho characteristic for the three ph- ph measurin...

  • Page 218

    T tppzx t tpezx block ppzx pezx timerlinkszx looplink (tpp-tpe) looplink & zonelink no links false (0) timerlinkszx = looplink & zonelink lnkz2 lnkzx or lnkz4 lnkz5 zonelinkstart phase selection 1st starting zone vtsz blkzx blktrzx or or or or or and and or and and and timermodezx = enable phph or p...

  • Page 219

    This setting opens an opportunity to enable phase-to-earth measurement for phase-to- phase-earth faults. It determines the level of residual current (3i0) above which phase- to-earth measurement is activated (and phase-to-phase measurement is blocked). The relations are defined with the equation. 0 ...

  • Page 220

    8.3.2 application sub-transmission networks are being extended and often become more and more complex, consisting of a high number of multi-circuit and/or multi terminal lines of very different lengths. These changes in the network will normally impose more stringent demands on the fault clearing eq...

  • Page 221

    Where: u l1 is the phase-to-earth voltage (kv) in the faulty phase before fault. Z 1 is the positive sequence impedance (Ω/phase). Z 2 is the negative sequence impedance (Ω/phase). Z 0 is the zero sequence impedance (Ω/phase). Z f is the fault impedance (Ω), often resistive. Z n is the earth-return ...

  • Page 222

    X 0 is the reactive zero sequence of the source r 1 is the resistive positive sequence of the source x 1 is the reactive positive sequence of the source the magnitude of the earth-fault current in effectively earthed networks is high enough for impedance measuring elements to detect earth faults. Ho...

  • Page 223

    Z zl z e sa u a u b a b e sb i a i b r f p*zl (1-p)*zl z sa z sb iec09000247-1-en.Vsd iec09000247 v1 en figure 96: influence of fault current infeed from remote line end the effect of fault current infeed from remote line end is one of the most driving factors to justify complementary protection to ...

  • Page 224

    Nevertheless, always set rldfw , rldrv [5] and argld according to the expected maximum load since these settings are used internally in the function as reference points to improve the performance of the phase selection. R z1 argld rldfw iec09000248-3-en.Vsdx x rldrv [1] iec09000248 v3 en figure 97: ...

  • Page 225

    8.3.2.5 long transmission line application for long transmission lines, the margin to the load impedance, that is, to avoid load encroachment, will normally be a major concern. It is well known that it is difficult to achieve high sensitivity for phase-to-earth fault at remote line end of long lines...

  • Page 226

    General introduction of parallel lines in the network is increasing due to difficulties to get necessary area for new lines. Parallel lines introduce an error in the zero sequence measurement due to the mutual coupling between the parallel lines. The lines need not be of the same voltage in order to...

  • Page 227

    The three most common operation modes are: 1. Parallel line in service. 2. Parallel line out of service and earthed. 3. Parallel line out of service and not earthed. Parallel line in service this type of application is very common and applies to all normal sub-transmission and transmission networks....

  • Page 228

    A b c z 0m z 0m z 0 - z 0m z 0 - iec09000253_1_en.Vsd iec09000253 v1 en figure 100: equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit of the double-circuit, parallel, operating line with a single phase-to-earth fault at the remote busbar when mutual coupling is introduced, the voltage at the relay point a ...

  • Page 229

    One can also notice that the following relationship exists between the zero sequence currents: 3 0 3 0 0 2 0 i z i z p l p l ⋅ = ⋅ − ( ) equation1279 v3 en (equation 91) simplification of equation 45 , solving it for 3i0 p and substitution of the result into equation 44 gives that the voltage can be...

  • Page 230

    A b c iec09000252_1_en.Vsd i 0 i 0 z 0m z 0 - z 0m z 0 - z 0m iec09000252 v1 en figure 102: equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit for the double-circuit line that operates with one circuit disconnected and earthed at both ends here the equivalent zero-sequence impedance is equal to z 0 -z 0 m i...

  • Page 231

    Parallel line out of service and not earthed z 0m a b z z iec09000254_1_en.Vsd iec09000254 v1 en figure 103: parallel line is out of service and not earthed when the parallel line is out of service and not earthed, the zero sequence on that line can only flow through the line admittance to the earth...

  • Page 232

    0 1 0 1 0 1 0 im( ) (2 3 ) (2 ) a x r r r r x x = × × + + × + × × + equation1286 v1 en (equation 99) the real component of the ku factor is equal to equation 54 . Re re re im k a x a a u m ( ) = + ( ) ⋅ ( ) + ( ) 1 0 2 2 2 equation1287 v3 en (equation 100) the imaginary component of the same factor ...

  • Page 233

    This application gives rise to a similar problem that was highlighted in section fault infeed from remote end , that is increased measured impedance due to fault current infeed. For example, for faults between the t point and b station the measured impedance at a and c will be: z a =z at + ·z tf i a...

  • Page 234

    Fault resistance the performance of distance protection for single phase-to-earth faults is very important, because normally more than 70% of the faults on transmission lines are single phase-to-earth faults. At these faults, the fault resistance is composed of three parts: arc resistance, resistanc...

  • Page 235

    Drop is lower and at the same time, the voltage drop on the series capacitor is lower. When the loading increases and the voltage drop become larger, the contribution of the series capacitor increases and therefore the system voltage at the receiving line end can be regulated. Series compensation al...

  • Page 236

    8.3.3.2 increase in power transfer the increase in power transfer capability as a function of the degree of compensation for a transmission line can be explained by studying the circuit shown in figure 108 . The power transfer on the transmission line is given by the equation 107 : ( ) ( ) ( ) sin s...

  • Page 237

    Different protection functions, which have their operation based on properties of measured voltage and current phasors. Voltage inversion figure 110 presents a part of series compensated line with reactance x l1 between the ied point and the fault in point f of series compensated line. The voltage m...

  • Page 238

    En06000606.Vsd i f u s u ’ m = x u l x u s i f x u l u s x u c u m x u s with bypassed capacitor with inserted capacitor iec06000606 v1 en figure 111: phasor diagrams of currents and voltages for the bypassed and inserted series capacitor during voltage inversion it is obvious that voltage u m will ...

  • Page 239

    En06000607.Vsd ~ z x s x l1 i f u u m source fault voltage pre -fault voltage x c source voltage u’ m with bypassed capacitor with inserted capacitor f iec06000607 v1 en figure 112: current inversion on series compensated line the relative phase position of fault current i f compared to the source v...

  • Page 240

    En06000608.Vsd i f u s u ’ m = h u l h u s with bypassed capacitor i f h u l u s h u c u m h u s with inserted capacitor iec06000608 v1 en figure 113: phasor diagrams of currents and voltages for the bypassed and inserted series capacitor during current inversion it is a common practice to call this...

  • Page 241

    -jx c ct 1 ct 2 vt1 vt 2 en06000611.Vsd iec06000611 v1 en figure 114: possible positions of instrument transformers relative to line end series capacitor bus side instrument transformers ct1 and vt1 on figure 114 represent the case with bus side instrument transformers. The protection devices are in...

  • Page 242

    Particular protection function to best suit its specific characteristics and expectations on dependability and security. The line side vt can for example be used by the distance protection and the bus side vt by the directional residual oc earth fault protection. Apparent impedances and mov influenc...

  • Page 243

    En06000614.Vsd mov protected series capacitor m ov i l i c i m u c -jx c 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 20 10 10 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 100 50 50 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 20 10 10 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 20 10 10 20 line current as a function of time capacitor voltage as a function of time capacitor current as a...

  • Page 244

    A non-linear equivalent circuit with series connected capacitor and resistor. Their value depends on complete line (fault) current and protection factor k p . The later is defined by equation 112 . = mov p nc u k u equation1910 v1 en (equation 112) where u mov is the maximum instantaneous voltage ex...

  • Page 245

    8.3.3.4 impact of series compensation on protective ied of adjacent lines voltage inversion is not characteristic for the buses and ied points closest to the series compensated line only. It can spread also deeper into the network and this way influences the selection of protection devices (mostly d...

  • Page 246

    Especially if on one hand the compensated line is very long with high degree of compensation, and the adjacent lines are, on the other hand, relatively short. Extensive system studies are necessary before final decision is made on implementation and location of series capacitors in network. It requi...

  • Page 247

    8.3.3.6 underreaching and overreaching schemes it is a basic rule that the underreaching distance protection zone should under no circumstances overreach for the fault at the remote end bus, and the overreaching zone should always, under all system conditions, cover the same fault. In order to obtai...

  • Page 248

    En06000619.Vsd k s 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 20 40 60 80 100 k c [%] iec06000619 v1 en figure 121: underreaching safety factor k s in dependence on system compensation degree k c for that reason permissive underreaching schemes can hardly be used as a main protection. Permissive overreaching distance pr...

  • Page 249

    Protection far away from the faulty line can maloperate by its instantaneous operating distance zone, if no precaution is taken. Impedances seen by distance ieds on adjacent power lines are presented by equations 118 to 121 . 1 2 3 = + + i i i i equation1915 v1 en (equation 118) x x i i x x da a f a...

  • Page 250

    Voltage inversion phenomenon may occur also on remote end of adjacent lines. Distance protection of such line must have built-in functionality which applies normally to protection of series compensated lines. It usually takes a bit of a time before the spark gap flashes, and sometimes the fault curr...

  • Page 251

    Magnitude of the source impedance and calculations must be made on a case by case basis, as shown in figure 124 . Distance ieds with separate impedance and directional measurement offer additional setting and operational flexibility when it comes to measurement of negative apparent impedance (as sho...

  • Page 252

    Zero sequence mutual impedance z m0 cannot significantly influence the operation of distance protection as long as both circuits are operating in parallel and all precautions related to settings of distance protection on series compensated line have been considered. Influence of disconnected paralle...

  • Page 253

    The magnitude of fault current in healthy circuit after the opening of first circuit breaker. The so called current reversal phenomenon may cause unwanted operation of protection on healthy circuit and this way endangers even more the complete system stability. To avoid the unwanted tripping, some m...

  • Page 254

    • the phase impedance of non transposed lines is not identical for all fault loops. The difference between the impedances for different phase-to-earth loops can be as large as 5-10% of the total line impedance. • the effect of a load transfer between the ieds of the protected fault resistance is con...

  • Page 255

    If a fault occurs at point f, see figure 91 , the ied at point a senses the impedance: z v i z i i i z i i i i r z i i z af a a ac a c a cf a c b a f ac c a c = = + + ⋅ + + + ⋅ = + +  ⋅ 1 f f c b a f i i i r + + +  ⋅ 1 equation302 v5 en (equation 126) a b z c i c z ac z cb z cf i a + i c iec090002...

  • Page 256

    Setting of zone 1 a voltage reversal can cause an artificial internal fault (voltage zero) on faulty line as well as on the adjacent lines. This artificial fault always have a resistive component, this is however small and can mostly not be used to prevent tripping of a healthy adjacent line. An ind...

  • Page 257

    P is the maximum allowable reach for an under-reaching zone with respect to the sub- harmonic swinging related to the resulting fundamental frequency reactance the zone is not allowed to over-reach. The degree of compensation c in figure 130 has to be interpreted as the relation between series capac...

  • Page 258

    Reactive reach jx r x c z s x 1 r v r fw r rv z s en06000584-2.Vsd x lloc x 1 f w x c x line - x c iec06000584 v2 en figure 131: measured impedance at voltage inversion forward direction: where x lloc equals line reactance up to the series capacitor(in the picture approximate 33% of xline) x1 fw is ...

  • Page 259

    • x1rv can be set to the same value as x1fw • k equals side infeed factor at next busbar. When the calculation of x1fw gives a negative value the zone 1 must be permanently blocked. Fault resistance the resistive reach is, for all affected applications, restricted by the set reactive reach and the l...

  • Page 260

    Reverse zone the reverse zone that is normally used in the communication schemes for functions like fault current reversal logic, weak-in-feed logic or issuing carrier send in blocking scheme must detect all faults in the reverse direction which is detected in the opposite ied by the overreaching zo...

  • Page 261

    If the denominator in equation 63 is called b and z0m is simplified to x0m, then the real and imaginary part of the reach reduction factor for the overreaching zones can be written as: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 0 re re 0 1 re im x m b k b b × = - + equation1427 v2 en (equation 132) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 0 i...

  • Page 262

    2 x1zx x0zx arctan 2 r1zx r0zx loop equation2304 v2 en (equation 137) setting of the resistive reach for the underreaching zone 1 should follow the condition to minimize the risk for overreaching: rfpezx 4.5 x1zx iecequation2305 v2 en (equation 138) the fault resistance for phase-to-phase faults is ...

  • Page 263

    Z loadmin u 2 s ------- = equation571 v1 en (equation 140) where: u is the minimum phase-to-phase voltage in kv s is the maximum apparent power in mva. The load impedance [Ω/phase] is a function of the minimum operation voltage and the maximum load current: z load u min 3 i max × -------------------...

  • Page 264

    Equation 76 is applicable only when the loop characteristic angle for the phase-to- phase faults is more than three times as large as the maximum expected load- impedance angle. More accurate calculations are necessary according to equation 77 . Load min r1zx rfppzx 1.6 z cos sin x1zx iecequation230...

  • Page 265

    R x rldfw rldrv argld 90% 10% 10% argld possible load argld argld r x rldfw rldrv x l d x l d argld argld argld argld iec12000176-2-en.Vsd iec12000176 v2 en figure 132: load impedance limitation with load encroachment during the initial current change for phase-to-phase and for phase-to-earth faults...

  • Page 266

    These settings, two per zone (x=1,2..5&rv), with options {off, quadrilateral, mho, offset}, are used to set the operation and characteristic for phase-to-earth and phase- to-phase faults, respectively. For example, in one zone it is possible to choose mho characteristic for the three ph- ph measurin...

  • Page 267

    Type of ferro-resonance suppression circuit that is included in the cvt. There are two main choices: passive type for cvts that use a non-linear component, like a saturable inductor, to limit overvoltages (caused by ferro-resonance). This component is practically idle during normal load and fault co...

  • Page 268

    8.4.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number pole slip protection pspppam u cos 78 8.4.2 application normally, the generator operates synchronously with the power system, that is, all the generators in the system have the s...

  • Page 269

    En06000313.Vsd iec06000313 v1 en figure 134: relative generator phase angle at a fault and pole slip relative to the external power system the relative angle of the generator is shown for different fault duration at a three-phase short circuit close to the generator. As the fault duration increases ...

  • Page 270

    En06000314.Vsd iec06000314 v1 en figure 135: undamped oscillations causing pole slip the relative angle of the generator is shown a contingency in the power system, causing un-damped oscillations. After a few periods of the oscillation the swing amplitude gets to large and the stability cannot be ma...

  • Page 271

    Pspppam function shall detect out of step conditions and trip the generator as fast as possible if the locus of the pole slip is inside the generator. If the centre of pole slip is outside the generator, situated out in the power grid, the first action should be to split the network into two parts, ...

  • Page 272

    Iec06000548_2_en.Vsd ied b a e b e a x’ d x t z s zone 1 zone 2 jx r zb za pole slip impedance movement zone 2 zone 1 warnangle tripangle f zc iec06000548 v2 en figure 136: settings for the pole slip detection function the impedanceza is the forward impedance as show in figure 136 . Za should be the...

  • Page 273

    The impedancezc is the forward impedance giving the borderline between zone 1 and zone 2. Zc should be equal to the transformer reactance zt. The impedance is given in % of the base impedance, see equation 150 . The angle of the impedance line zb – za is given as anglephi in degrees. This angle is n...

  • Page 274

    R x apparent impedance at normal load z c z a z b anglephi iec07000015_2_en.Vsd iec07000015 v2 en figure 138: impedances to be set for pole slip protection the setting parameters of the protection is: z a : line + source impedance in the forward direction z b : the source impedance in the reverse di...

  • Page 275

    2 2 400 160 1000 = = = ubase zbase ohm sbase equation1960 v1 en (equation 151) 2 400 ( ) ( 2) 2 20 2 52 5000 za z line zsc station j j j ohm = + = + + = + equation1961 v1 en (equation 152) this corresponds to: 2 52 0.0125 0.325 0.325 88 160 j za j pu pu + = = + = Ð ° equation1962 v1 en (equation 153...

  • Page 276

    Simplified, the example can be shown as a triangle, see figure 139 . Za zb zload r x en07000016.Vsd iec07000016 v1 en figure 139: simplified figure to derive startangle 0 0 32 52 arctan arctan arctan + arctan = 21.8 + 33.0 55 80 80 ³ = » zb za anglestart + zload zload equation1968 v2 en (equation 15...

  • Page 277

    8.4.3.2 setting example for generator application in case of out of step conditions this shall be checked if the pole slip centre is inside the generator (zone 1) or if it is situated in the network (zone 2). Zc za zb en07000017.Vsd iec07000017 v1 en figure 140: generator application of pole slip pr...

  • Page 278

    R x apparent impedance at normal load z c z a z b anglephi iec07000015_2_en.Vsd iec07000015 v2 en figure 141: impedances to be set for pole slip protection pspppam the setting parameters of the protection are: z a block transformer + source impedance in the forward direction z b the generator transi...

  • Page 279

    Short circuit power from the external network without infeed from the protected line: 5000 mva (assumed to a pure reactance). We have all phase voltages and phase currents available and fed to the protection ied. Therefore it is recommended to set the measuremode to positive sequence. The impedance ...

  • Page 280

    Set zc to 0.15 and anglephi to 90°. The warning angle ( startangle ) should be chosen not to cross into normal operating area. The maximum line power is assumed to be 200 mva. This corresponds to apparent impedance: 2 2 20 2 200 u z ohm s = = = equation1976 v1 en (equation 166) simplified, the examp...

  • Page 281

    For the tripangle it is recommended to set this parameter to 90° to assure limited stress for the circuit breaker. If the centre of pole slip is within the generator block set n1limit to 1 to get trip at first pole slip. If the centre of pole slip is within the network set n2limit to 3 to get enable...

  • Page 282

    Sm1 synchronous machine 1 centre of oscillation u, i sm2 e1 e2 synchronous machine 2 e1 e2 voltages of all phases to earth are zero in the centre of oscillation sm1 synchronous machine 1 centre of oscillation u, i sm2 e1 e2 synchronous machine 2 e1 e2 voltages of all phases to earth are zero in the ...

  • Page 283

    Undamped oscillations occur in power systems, where generator groups at different locations are not strongly electrically connected and can oscillate against each other. If the connection between the generators is too weak the magnitude of the oscillations may increase until the angular stability is...

  • Page 284

    Slipping with severe consequences for the machines and stability of the power system. In particular it should: 1. Remain stable for normal steady state load. 2. Distinguish between stable and unstable rotor swings. 3. Locate electrical centre of a swing. 4. Detect the first and the subsequent pole-s...

  • Page 285

    • a precondition in order to be able to use the out-of-step protection and construct a suitable lens characteristic is that the power system in which the out-of-step protection is installed, is modeled as a two-machine equivalent system, or as a single machine – infinite bus equivalent power system....

  • Page 286

    Complex impedance z(r, x) enters the lens, this is a sign of instability. The angle recommended is 110 or 120 degrees, because it is at this rotor angle where problems with dynamic stability usually begin. Power angle 120 degrees is sometimes called “the angle of no return” because if this angle is ...

  • Page 287

    • operationz2 : operation zone 2 on , off . If operationz1 = off , all pole-slips with centre of the electromechanical oscillation within zone 2 are ignored. Default setting = on . • tbreaker : circuit breaker opening time. Use the default value tbreaker = 0.000 s if unknown. If the value is known, ...

  • Page 288

    Operate in this state for a long time. Loss of excitation increases the generation of heat in the end region of the synchronous machine. The local heating may damage the insulation of the stator winding and even the iron core. A generator connected to a power system can be represented by an equivale...

  • Page 289

    Noticed that the power limitations shown below is highly dependent on the network impedance. En06000322.Vsd p q 70º 80º 90º iec06000322 v1 en figure 146: the complex apparent power from the generator, at different angles δ to prevent damages to the generator block, the generator should be tripped at...

  • Page 290

    P 70º 80º 90º underexcitation protection operation area iec06000450-2-en.Vsd q iec06000450 v2 en figure 147: suitable area, in the pq-plane, for protection operation often the capability curve of a generator describes also low excitation capability of the generator, see figure 148 . Section 8 1mrk 5...

  • Page 291

    0.2 0.4 0.6 -0.3 0.6 -0.5 0.8 q [pu] 0.8 1 e d x s =0 b a ra ted m va p. F. 0 .8 lag gin g rated m va p.F. 0 .95 lead ing s 37 o f x e =0.2 c h 18 o generator motor overexcited underexcited f p [pu] en06000451.Vsd iec06000451 v1 en figure 148: capability curve of a generator where: ab = field curren...

  • Page 292

    R x underexcitation protection operation area en06000452.Vsd iec06000452 v2 en figure 149: the straight line in the pq-diagram is equivalent with a circle in the impedance plane lexpdis in the ied is realised by two impedance circles and a directional restraint possibility as shown in figure 150 . S...

  • Page 293

    R x z1, fast zone z2, slow zone iec06000453_3_en.Vsd underexcitation protection restraint area iec06000453 v3 en figure 150: lexpdis in the ied, realized by two impedance circles and a directional restraint possibility 8.6.3 setting guidelines here is described the setting when there are two zones a...

  • Page 294

    Operationz1 , operationz2 : with the settings operationz1 and operationz2 each zone can be set on or off . For the two zones the impedance settings are made as shown in figure 151 . R x z1 or z2 - xoffsetz1 or - xoffsetz2 z1diameter or z2diameter iec06000460_2_en.Vsd iec06000460 v2 en figure 151: im...

  • Page 296

    R x underexcitation protection restrain area dirangle - xoffsetdirline en06000461-2.Vsd iec06000461 v2 en figure 153: the settings xoffsetdirline and dirangle 8.7 sensitive rotor earth fault protection, injection based rotiphiz 8.7.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 6...

  • Page 297

    Signal with a frequency different from the generator rated frequency is injected into the rotor circuit. To implement the above concept, a separate injection device is required. The injection device generates a square wave voltage signal which is fed into the rotor winding of the generator. The magn...

  • Page 298

    1 rot ref j c z w = equation2511 v1 en where: 2 inj f w p = × equation2512 v1 en the injected frequency f inj of the square wave, is a set value, different from the fundamental frequency (50 or 60 hz). The injected frequency can be set within the range 75 – 250 hz with the recommended value 113 hz i...

  • Page 299

    Uinj rshunt ~ step-up transformer r o t o r e f rex060/rim module reg670 4 5 6 3 1 7 i u generator r n 2 rex061 generator protection panel r c iec11000014-4-en.Vsd u> 8 iec11000014 v1 en figure 155: connection of rex060 for rotor earth fault protection 1 generator unit consisting of a synchronous ge...

  • Page 300

    The factors k 1 and k 2 [Ω] are derived during the calibration measurements under commissioning. As support for the calibration, the injection commissioning tool must be used. This tool is an integrated part of the pcm600 tool. In connection to this calibration, the reference impedance is also deriv...

  • Page 301

    Frequency, current and voltage gain are settable and stored in non-volatile memory. If value is out of range, the limit value will be stored. Last stored setting values are shown in display. Table 30: necessary settings for rex060 setting range system frequency 50/60 hz injected frequency one set fo...

  • Page 302

    1. The recommended connection require four analog channels of the ied: two ied voltage channels are used for the measured quantities for rotiphiz; two more ied voltage channels are used for the measured quantities for sttiphiz. Rex060 x61 9 8 8 9 11 10 11 10 x81 stator module sim rotor module rim ie...

  • Page 303

    Rex060 x61 9 8 8 9 11 10 11 10 x81 stator module sim rotor module rim ied voltage measure (u) current measure (u) iec11000210-1-en.Vsd iec11000210 v1 en figure 157: connection to ied with two analogue voltage inputs some settings are required for the analog voltage inputs. Set the voltage ratio for ...

  • Page 304

    Talarm is the time delay to activate the alarm signal output when the measured fault resistance is below the set ralarm level factaclim is the scale factor for earth fault on ac side of exiter ttripac is the time delay for trip signal on the ac side of exiter ulimrms setting is not used in rotor pro...

  • Page 305

    Trip time fault resistance r trip r alarm iec11000002-1-en.Vsd 10 filterlength × 2 filterlength × iec11000002 v1 en figure 158: trip time characteristic as function of fault resistance 8.8 100% stator earth fault protection, injection based sttiphiz 8.8.1 identification function description iec 6185...

  • Page 306

    To implement the above concept, a separate injection box is required. The injection box generates a square wave voltage signal which for example, can be fed into the secondary winding of the generator neutral point voltage transformer or the grounding transformer. This signal is propagated through t...

  • Page 307

    Z bare z measured + u inj - i inj r n c stat r fault + u inj - i inj r n c stat stator reference impedance z ref rf z series z mt a b a b u n iec11000008-4-en.Vsd Û iec11000008 v1 en figure 159: high-resistance generator earthing with a neutral point resistor there are some alternatives for connecti...

  • Page 308

    + u inj - r n c stat i inj a b iec11000009-2-en.Vsd iec11000009 v1 en figure 160: effective high-resistance generator earthing via a distribution transformer another alternative is shown in figure 161 (high-resistance earthing via a grounded wye-broken delta transformer). In this case the transforme...

  • Page 309

    C stat r n + u inj - i inj a b iec11000010-3-en.Vsd iec11000010 v1 en figure 161: high-resistance generator earthing via a grounded wye-broken delta transformer it is also possible to make the injection via vt open delta connection, as shown in figure 162 . 1mrk 502 071-uen - section 8 impedance pro...

  • Page 310

    U 1 / u 2 y c stat r n + u inj - i inj r d a b iec11000011-2-en.Vsdx y y 2 1 2 3 n d u r r u ∑ ⌡ √ √ iec11000011 v2 en figure 162: injection via open delta vt connection it must be observed that the resistor r d is normally applied for ferro-resonance damping. The resistance r d is will have very li...

  • Page 311

    Capacitance and conductance to ground between standstill and fully loaded machine will also limit the possible setting level for the alarm stage. As a consequence 10 kΩ sensitivity can be typically reached without problem. Depending on particular installation alarm sensitivity of up to 50 kΩ may be ...

  • Page 312

    Table 33: stator gain umaxef [v] note 240 200 160 default value up to 120 8.8.3.2 connecting and setting voltage inputs the sim module of rex060 has two analog output channels that shall be connected to two voltage input channels of the ied. If both stator and rotor protection are used, there are tw...

  • Page 313

    Rex060 x61 9 8 8 9 11 10 11 10 x81 stator module sim rotor module rim ied voltage measure (u) current measure (u) iec11000210-1-en.Vsd iec11000210 v1 en figure 164: connection to ied with two analogue voltage inputs some settings are required for the analog voltage inputs in the ied. The voltage rat...

  • Page 314

    Setting of ulimrms shall be defined during the commissioning of the protection system. Freqinjected shall be set to the same value as on the injection unit rex060 for the stator earth-fault protection. The setting range is 50 – 250 hz in steps of 0.001 hz. Values which corresponds to the harmonics o...

  • Page 315

    The generator transformer. Zone 2 can be used to cover generator transformer and power plant's substation bus-bar. Zone 3 can be used to cover power system faults. The under impedance protection is provided with undervoltage detection feature in order to provide the seal-in for the impedance based t...

  • Page 316

    8.9.2.1 operating zones impedancean g impedancean g impedancean g z2fwd z3fwd z1fwd z3rev z2rev z1rev r(ohm) x (o h m ) b) typical setting of zones for under impedance relay iec11000308-3-en.Vsd zone3 zone1 reg670 a) power system model zone2 y/y d /y iec11000308 v3 en figure 165: zone characteristic...

  • Page 317

    The settings of all the zones is provided in terms of percentage of impedance based on current and voltage ratings of the generator. 8.9.2.2 zone 1 operation zone 1 is used as fast selective tripping for phase-to-phase faults and three–phase faults in the generator, on the terminal leads and lv side...

  • Page 318

    Enhanced reach loop max current loop selected voltage phasor current phasor il1 l1-e ul1e-u0 il1 il2 l2-e ul2e-u0 il2 il3 l3-e ul3e-u0 il3 if the currents are equal, l1-e loop has higher priority than l2-e and l2-e loop has higher priority than l3-e. Ul1e, ul2e, ul3e are three phase–to–earth voltage...

  • Page 319

    8.9.2.6 undervoltage seal-in function for faults close to generating terminals the cts might go in to saturation. The problem is due to very long dc constant of the generators. The persistent dc component of primary currents even if relatively small has a tendency to drive current transformers into ...

  • Page 320

    It is calculated according to equation 172 . ( / 3) / zbase urated irated = guid-90239033-d824-4479-a03a-41ee034c9021 v1 en (equation 172) the argld is a separate setting. 8.9.2.8 external block signals the under impedance function will have to be blocked in the event of pt fuse fail. A blkz input f...

  • Page 321

    Opmodez2 : zone 2 distance element can be selected as off , pp loops or enhancedreach . Z2fwd : zone 2 forward reach in percentage. It is recommended to set zone 2 forward reach to 125% of transformer impedance. Z2rev : zone 2 reverse reach in percentage. It is recommended to give limited reverse re...

  • Page 322

    The load angle argld is same in forward and reverse direction, so it is suitable to begin the calculation of the parameter setting. The parameter is set to the maximum possible load angle at the maximum active load. A value larger than 20° must be used. The blinder rld can be calculated according to...

  • Page 323

    Opmodeu : under voltage seal-in feature is enabled using this setting and can be selected as off or z2start or z3start . If the under voltage seal-in has to be triggered with zone 2 start, z2start enumeration has to be selected . If zone 3 select z3start enumeration. U : the start value of the under...

  • Page 324

    318.

  • Page 325

    Section 9 current protection 9.1 instantaneous phase overcurrent protection phpioc 9.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number instantaneous phase overcurrent protection phpioc 3i>> symbol-z v1 en 50 9.1.2 application long...

  • Page 326

    9.1.3 setting guidelines the parameters for instantaneous phase overcurrent protection phpioc are set via the local hmi or pcm600. This protection function must operate only in a selective way. So check all system and transient conditions that could cause its unwanted operation. Only detailed networ...

  • Page 327

    Impedance values for z b in order to get the maximum through fault current from a to b. ~ ~ z a z b z l a b ied i fb fault iec09000022-1-en.Vsd iec09000022 v1 en figure 168: through fault current from a to b: i fb then a fault in a has to be applied and the through fault current i fa has to be calcu...

  • Page 328

    The minimum primary setting (is) for the instantaneous phase overcurrent protection is then: min 1.3 s i i ³ × equation79 v3 en (equation 176) the protection function can be used for the specific application only if this setting value is equal to or less than the maximum fault current that the ied h...

  • Page 329

    Iec09000025-1-en.Vsd ~ ~ z a z b z l1 a b i m fault ied z l2 m c line 1 line 2 iec09000025 v1 en figure 171: two parallel lines. Influence from parallel line to the through fault current: i m the minimum theoretical current setting for the overcurrent protection function (imin) will be: imin max i f...

  • Page 330

    9.2 directional phase overcurrent protection, four steps oc4ptoc 9.2.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number directional phase overcurrent protection, four steps oc4ptoc toc-reva v2 en 51_67 9.2.2 application directional p...

  • Page 331

    Standardized inverse time characteristics are available for iec and ansi. It is also possible to tailor make the inverse time characteristic. Normally, it is required that the phase overcurrent protection shall reset as fast as possible when the current level gets lower than the operation level. In ...

  • Page 332

    Meastype : selection of discrete fourier filtered ( dft ) or true rms filtered ( rms ) signals. Rms is used when the harmonic contents are to be considered, for example in applications with shunt capacitors. Operation : the protection can be set to on or off . Anglerca : protection characteristic an...

  • Page 333

    U ref i dir iec09000636_2_vsd 1 2 2 3 4 iec09000636 v2 en figure 172: directional function characteristic 1. Rca = relay characteristic angle 2. Roa = relay operating angle 3. Reverse 4. Forward 9.2.3.1 settings for each step x means step 1, 2, 3 and 4. Dirmodex : the directional mode of step x . Po...

  • Page 334

    Table 34: inverse time characteristics curve name ansi extremely inverse ansi very inverse ansi normal inverse ansi moderately inverse ansi/ieee definite time ansi long time extremely inverse ansi long time very inverse ansi long time inverse iec normal inverse iec very inverse iec inverse iec extre...

  • Page 335

    Txmin : minimum operate time for all inverse time characteristics. At high currents the inverse time characteristic might give a very short operation time. By setting this parameter the operation time of the step can never be shorter than the setting. Setting range: 0.000 - 60.000s in steps of 0.001...

  • Page 336

    For ansi inverse time characteristics, all three types of reset time characteristics are available: instantaneous (1), iec (2 = set constant time reset) and ansi (3 = current dependent reset time). For iec inverse time characteristics, the possible delay time settings are instantaneous (1) and iec (...

  • Page 337

    Operate current current (a) the ied does not reset line phase current time (s) reset current iec05000203-en-2.Vsd iec05000203 v4 en figure 174: operate and reset current for an overcurrent protection the lowest setting value can be written according to equation 182 . Im ax ipu 1.2 k ³ × equation1262...

  • Page 338

    Protection must be calculated. Taking this value as a base, the highest pickup current setting can be written according to equation 183 . Ipu 0.7 isc min £ × equation1263 v2 en (equation 183) where: 0.7 is a safety factor iscmin is the smallest fault current to be detected by the overcurrent protect...

  • Page 339

    Time-current curves fault current 10 10 0.01 10000 en05000204.Ai str tfunc1 n n tfunc2 trip time n iec05000204 v2 en figure 175: fault time with maintained selectivity the operation time can be set individually for each overcurrent protection. To assure selectivity between different protection funct...

  • Page 340

    Of ied a1 must have a delayed operation in order to avoid maloperation. The sequence of events during the fault can be described using a time axis shown in figure 176 . I> i> a1 b1 feeder time axis t=0 t=t 2 t=t 3 the fault occurs b1 trips and a1 starts breaker at b1 opens =iec05000205=2=en=original...

  • Page 341

    40 100 40 40 220 t ms ms ms ms ms d ³ + + + = equation1266 v1 en (equation 186) where it is considered that: the operate time of overcurrent protection b1 is 40 ms the breaker open time is 100 ms the resetting time of protection a1 is 40 ms and the additional margin is 40 ms 9.3 instantaneous residu...

  • Page 342

    Globalbasesel : this is used to select gbasval function for reference of base values. The basic requirement is to assure selectivity, that is efpioc shall not be allowed to operate for faults at other objects than the protected object (line). For a normal line in a meshed system single phase-to-eart...

  • Page 343

    A safety margin of 5% for the maximum static inaccuracy and a safety margin of 5% for maximum possible transient overreach have to be introduced. An additional 20% is suggested due to inaccuracy of instrument transformers under transient conditions and inaccuracy in the system data. The minimum prim...

  • Page 344

    ( ) 100 s in i ibase iecequation17003 v1 en (equation 191) transformer inrush current shall be considered. The setting of the protection is set as a percentage of the base current ( ibase ). Operation : set the protection to on or off . In>> : set operate current in % of ib . In>>max and in>>min sho...

  • Page 345

    • earth-fault protection of feeders in effectively earthed distribution and subtransmission systems. Normally these feeders have radial structure. • back-up earth-fault protection of transmission lines. • sensitive earth-fault protection of transmission lines. Ef4ptoc can have better sensitivity to ...

  • Page 346

    Curve name iec very inverse iec inverse iec extremely inverse iec short time inverse iec long time inverse iec definite time user programmable asea ri rxidg or rd (logarithmic) it is also possible to tailor make the inverse time characteristic. Normally it is required that ef4ptoc shall reset as fas...

  • Page 347

    Globalbasesel : this is used to select gbasval function for reference of base values. Seqtypeupol : this is used to select the type of voltage polarising quantity i.E. Zero seq and neg seq for direction detection. Seqtypeipol : this is used to select the type of current polarising quantity i.E. Zero...

  • Page 348

    • voltage (3u 0 or u 2 ) • current (3i 0 · znpol or 3i 2 ·znpol where znpol is rnpol + jxnpol), or • both currents and voltage, dual (dual polarizing, (3u 0 + 3i 0 · znpol) or (u 2 + i 2 · znpol)). Normally voltage polarizing from the internally calculated residual sum or an external open delta is u...

  • Page 349

    At current transformer saturation a false residual current can be measured by the protection. Here the 2 nd harmonic restrain can prevent unwanted operation as well. 2ndharmstab : the rate of 2nd harmonic current content for activation of the 2nd harmonic restrain signal. The setting is given in % o...

  • Page 350

    9.4.3.4 switch onto fault logic in case of energizing a faulty object there is a risk of having a long fault clearance time, if the fault current is too small to give fast operation of the protection. The switch on to fault function can be activated from auxiliary signals from the circuit breaker, e...

  • Page 351

    Characteristx : selection of time characteristic for step x . Definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics are available. Inverse time characteristic enables fast fault clearance of high current faults at the same time as selectivity to other inverse time phase overcurrent...

  • Page 352

    Iminx operate time current tx txmin iec10000058 iec10000058 v2 en figure 182: minimum operate current and operate time for inverse time characteristics in order to fully comply with the curves definition, the setting parameter txmin shall be set to the value which is equal to the operate time of the...

  • Page 353

    Tprcrvx, ttrcrvx, tcrcrvx : parameters for user programmable of inverse reset time characteristic curve. Further description can be found in the technical reference manual. 9.4.3.6 transformer application example two main cases are of interest when residual overcurrent protection is used for a power...

  • Page 354

    Transformer winding earth faults with low earth-fault current, that is, faults close to the transformer winding neutral point. If the current setting gap between step 1 and step 2 is large another step can be introduced with a current and time delay setting between the two described steps. The trans...

  • Page 355

    In > alt three phase ct summated single ct yn/d or yn/y transformer single phase-to- earth fault 3i 0 iec05000492-en-2.Vsd iec05000492 v2 en figure 185: step 1 fault calculation 1 this calculation gives the current fed to the protection: 3i 0fault1 . To assure that step 1, selectivity to other earth...

  • Page 356

    The fault is located at the borderline between instantaneous and delayed operation of the line protection, such as distance protection or line residual overcurrent protection. This calculation gives the current fed to the protection: 3i 0fault2 the setting of step 1 can be chosen within the interval...

  • Page 357

    • earth-fault and phase-phase short circuit protection of feeders in effectively earthed distribution and subtransmission systems. Normally these feeders have radial structure. • back-up earth-fault and phase-phase short circuit protection of transmission lines. • sensitive earth-fault protection of...

  • Page 358

    Curve name ansi long time inverse iec normal inverse iec very inverse iec inverse iec extremely inverse iec short time inverse iec long time inverse iec definite time user programmable asea ri rxidg (logarithmic) there is also a user programmable inverse time characteristic. Normally it is required ...

  • Page 359

    9.5.3.1 settings for each step x means step 1, 2, 3 and 4. Dirmodeselx : the directional mode of step x. Possible settings are off/nondirectional/ forward/reverse. Characteristx : selection of time characteristic for step x . Definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics ar...

  • Page 360

    Iminx : minimum operate current for step x in % of ibase . Set iminx below ix> for every step to achieve ansi reset characteristic according to standard. If iminx is set above ix> for any step the ansi reset works as if current is zero when current drops below iminx . Ixmult : multiplier for scaling...

  • Page 361

    For ansi inverse time delay characteristics all three types of reset time characteristics are available; instantaneous (1), iec (2 = set constant time reset) and ansi (3 = current dependent reset time). For iec inverse time delay characteristics the possible delay time settings are instantaneous (1)...

  • Page 362

    Anglerca forward area iop = i2 upol=-u2 reverse area iec10000031-1-en.Vsd iec10000031 v1 en figure 188: relay characteristic angle given in degree in a transmission network a normal value of rca is about 80°. Upolmin : minimum polarization (reference) voltage % of ubase . I>dir : operate residual cu...

  • Page 363

    9.6.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number sensitive directional residual over current and power protection sdepsde - 67n 9.6.2 application in networks with high impedance earthing, the phase-to-earth fault current is sig...

  • Page 364

    1 a or 5 a. This sensitivity is in most cases sufficient in high impedance network applications, if the measuring ct ratio is not too high. • sensitive directional residual power protection gives possibility to use inverse time characteristics. This is applicable in large high impedance earthed netw...

  • Page 365

    In the setting of earth fault protection, in a high impedance earthed system, the neutral point voltage (zero sequence voltage) and the earth fault current will be calculated at the desired sensitivity (fault resistance). The complex neutral point voltage (zero sequence) can be calculated as: phase ...

  • Page 366

    C n 0 c n jx 3r z jx 3r - × = - + equation1946 v1 en (equation 198) where r n is the resistance of the neutral point resistor in many systems there is also a neutral point reactor (petersen coil) connected to one or more transformer neutral points. In such a system the impedance z 0 can be calculate...

  • Page 367

    Substation a substation b z lineab,1 (pos. Seq) z lineab,0 (zero seq) z linebc,1 (pos. Seq) z linebc,0 (zero seq) u 0a u 0b 3i 0 phase to earth fault r n z t,1 (pos. Seq) z t,0 (zero seq) source impedance z sc (pos. Seq) en06000654.Vsd iec06000654 v1 en figure 190: equivalent of power system for cal...

  • Page 368

    The residual power, measured by the sensitive earth fault protections in a and b will be: 0 a 0 a 0 s 3u 3i = × equation1951 v1 en (equation 203) 0 b 0 b 0 s 3u 3i = × equation1952 v1 en (equation 204) the residual power is a complex quantity. The protection will have a maximum sensitivity in the ch...

  • Page 369

    With opmode set to 3i0cosfi the current component in the direction equal to the characteristic angle rcadir has the maximum sensitivity. The characteristic for rcadir is equal to 0° is shown in figure 191 . = = o o 0 , 90 rcadir roadir 0 3i j = - 0 ref ang(3i ) ang(3u ) - = 0 ref 3u u 0 3i cos × j i...

  • Page 370

    The characteristic for this opmode when rcadir = 0° and roadir = 80° is shown in figure 193 . -3u 0 operate area 3i 0 rcadir = 0º roadir = 80º iec06000652-3-en.Vsd iec06000652 v3 en figure 193: characteristic for rcadir = 0° and roadir = 80° dirmode is set forward or reverse to set the direction of ...

  • Page 371

    Roadir is relay operating angle. Roadir is identifying a window around the reference direction in order to detect directionality. Roadir is set in degrees. For angles differing more than roadir from rcadir the function is blocked. The setting can be used to prevent unwanted operation for non-faulted...

  • Page 372

    Curve name ansi moderately inverse ansi/ieee definite time ansi long time extremely inverse ansi long time very inverse ansi long time inverse iec normal inverse iec very inverse iec inverse iec extremely inverse iec short time inverse iec long time inverse iec definite time user programmable asea r...

  • Page 373

    9.7.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number thermal overload protection, two time constants trpttr symbol-a v1 en 49 9.7.2 application transformers in the power system are designed for a certain maximum load current (power...

  • Page 374

    Actions in the power system to be taken before dangerous temperatures are reached. If the temperature continues to increase to the trip value, the protection initiates a trip of the protected transformer. After tripping by the thermal overload protection, the transformer will cool down over time. Th...

  • Page 375

    The thermal time constant should be obtained from the transformer manufacturers manuals. The thermal time constant is dependent on the cooling and the amount of oil. Normal time constants for medium and large transformers (according to iec 60076-7) are about 2.5 hours for naturally cooled transforme...

  • Page 376

    Itrip: the steady state current that the transformer can withstand. The setting is given in % of ibase1 or ibase2 . Alarm1 : heat content level for activation of the signal alarm1. Alarm1 is set in % of the trip heat content level. Alarm2 : heat content level for activation of the output signal alar...

  • Page 377

    Breaker failure protection, 3-phase activation and output (ccrbrf) will issue a back-up trip command to adjacent circuit breakers in case of failure to trip of the “normal” circuit breaker for the protected object. The detection of failure to break the current through the breaker is made by means of...

  • Page 378

    Table 40: dependencies between parameters retripmode and functionmode retripmode functionmode description retrip off n/a the re-trip function is not activated cb pos check current re-trip is done if the phase current is larger than the operate level after re-trip time has elapsed contact re-trip is ...

  • Page 379

    Of 4 . The current setting should be chosen in accordance to the setting of the sensitive earth-fault protection. The setting can be given within the range 2 – 200 % of ibase . T1 : time delay of the re-trip. The setting can be given within the range 0 – 60s in steps of 0.001 s. Typical setting is 0...

  • Page 380

    T2mph : time delay of the back-up trip at multi-phase start. The critical fault clearance time is often shorter in case of multi-phase faults, compared to single phase-to-earth faults. Therefore there is a possibility to reduce the back-up trip delay for multi-phase faults. Typical setting is 90 – 1...

  • Page 381

    Pole discordance protection ccpdsc will detect situation with deviating positions of the poles of the protected circuit breaker. The protection has two different options to make this detection: • by connecting the auxiliary contacts in the circuit breaker so that logic is created, a signal can be se...

  • Page 382

    9.10 directional underpower protection guppdup 9.10.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number directional underpower protection guppdup p 2 symbol-ll v2 en 37 9.10.2 application the task of a generator in a power plant is to...

  • Page 383

    The blades. When a steam turbine rotates without steam supply, the electric power consumption will be about 2% of rated power. Even if the turbine rotates in vacuum, it will soon become overheated and damaged. The turbine overheats within minutes if the turbine loses the vacuum. The critical time to...

  • Page 384

    Underpower protection overpower protection q q p p operating point without turbine torque margin margin operate line operate line operating point without turbine torque iec09000019-2-en.Vsd iec09000019 v2 en figure 195: reverse power protection with underpower or overpower protection 9.10.3 setting ...

  • Page 385

    Set value mode formula used for complex power calculation l1 * 1 1 3 l l s u i = × × equation1703 v1 en (equation 219) l2 * 2 2 3 l l s u i = × × equation1704 v1 en (equation 220) l3 * 3 3 3 l l s u i = × × equation1705 v1 en (equation 221) the function has two stages that can be set independently. ...

  • Page 386

    3 n s ubase ibase = × × equation1708 v1 en (equation 222) the setting angle1(2) gives the characteristic angle giving maximum sensitivity of the power protection function. The setting is given in degrees. For active power the set angle should be 0° or 180°. 0° should be used for generator low forwar...

  • Page 387

    ( ) 1 old calculated s k s k s = × + - × equation1893 v1 en (equation 224) where s is a new measured value to be used for the protection function s old is the measured value given from the function in previous execution cycle s calculated is the new calculated value in the present execution cycle k ...

  • Page 388

    Sometimes, the mechanical power from a prime mover may decrease so much that it does not cover bearing losses and ventilation losses. Then, the synchronous generator becomes a synchronous motor and starts to take electric power from the rest of the power system. This operating state, where individua...

  • Page 389

    The turbine runner moves axially and touches stationary parts. They are not always strong enough to withstand the associated stresses. Ice and snow may block the intake when the outdoor temperature falls far below zero. Branches and leaves may also block the trash gates. A complete blockage of the i...

  • Page 390

    Mode : the voltage and current used for the power measurement. The setting possibilities are shown in table 42 . Table 42: complex power calculation set value mode formula used for complex power calculation l1, l2, l3 * * * 1 1 2 2 3 3 l l l l l l s u i u i u i = × + × + × equation1697 v1 en (equati...

  • Page 391

    Operate angle1(2) power1(2) p q en06000440.Vsd iec06000440 v1 en figure 199: overpower mode the setting power1(2) gives the power component pick up value in the angle1(2) direction. The setting is given in p.U. Of the generator rated power, see equation 235 . Minimum recommended setting is 0.2% of s...

  • Page 392

    Operate angle1(2 ) = 180 o power1(2) p q iec06000557-2-en.Vsd iec06000557 v2 en figure 200: for reverse power the set angle should be 180° in the overpower function tripdelay1(2) is set in seconds to give the time delay for trip of the stage after pick up. Hysteresis1(2) is given in p.U. Of generato...

  • Page 393

    The value of k = 0.92 is recommended in generator applications as the trip delay is normally quite long. The calibration factors for current and voltage measurement errors are set % of rated current/voltage: iampcomp5, iampcomp30, iampcomp100 uampcomp5, uampcomp30, uampcomp100 iangcomp5, iangcomp30,...

  • Page 394

    To provide an effective protection for the generator for external unbalanced conditions, ns2ptoc is able to directly measure the negative sequence current. Ns2ptoc also have a time delay characteristic which matches the heating characteristic of the generator i 2 2 t = k as defined in standard. Wher...

  • Page 395

    9.12.2.2 generator continuous unbalance current capability during unbalanced loading, negative sequence current flows in the stator winding. Negative sequence current in the stator winding will induce double frequency current in the rotor surface and cause heating in almost all parts of the generato...

  • Page 396

    En08000358.Vsd iec08000358 v1 en figure 201: short-time unbalanced current capability of direct cooled generators continuous i 2 - capability of generators is also covered by the standard. Table 44 below (from ansi standard c50.13) contains the suggested capability: table 44: continous i 2 capabilit...

  • Page 397

    • line to earth faults • double line to earth faults • line to line faults • open conductors, includes • broken line conductors • malfunction of one pole of a circuit breaker . 9.12.3 setting guidelines when inverse time overcurrent characteristic is selected, the operate time of the stage will be t...

  • Page 398

    Negative sequence inverse time characteristic negative sequence current t im e de la y i2 tmax tmin iec08000355-2-en.Vsd 1 10 100 1000 10000 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 iec08000355 v2 en figure 202: inverse time delay characteristic, step 1 the example in figure 202 indicates that the protection function has ...

  • Page 399

    9.13 accidental energizing protection for synchronous generator aegpvoc 9.13.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number accidental energizing protection for synchronous generator aegpvoc u 50ae 9.13.2 application operating er...

  • Page 400

    Where u n is the rated voltage of the generator x d ’’ is the subtransient reactance for the generator (Ω) x t is the reactance of the step-up transformer (Ω) z network is the short circuit source impedance of the connected network recalculated to the generator voltage level (Ω) the setting can be c...

  • Page 401

    9.14.2 application a breakdown of the insulation between phase conductors or a phase conductor and earth results in a short-circuit or an earth fault. Such faults can result in large fault currents and may cause severe damage to the power system primary equipment. A typical application of the voltag...

  • Page 402

    Ubase shall be entered as rated phase-to-phase voltage of the protected object in primary kv. 9.14.2.2 application possibilities vrpvoc function can be used in one of the following applications: • voltage controlled over-current • voltage restrained over-current in both applications a seal-in of the...

  • Page 403

    9.14.3 setting guidelines 9.14.3.1 explanation of the setting parameters operation : set to on in order to activate the function; set to off to switch off the complete function. Startcurr : operation phase current level given in % of ibase . Characterist : selection of time characteristic: definite ...

  • Page 404

    Uhighlimit : when the measured phase-to-phase voltage is higher than uhighlimit / 100* ubase , than the start level of the overcurrent stage is startcurr /100* ibase . In particular, in slope mode it define the second point of the characteristic ( startcurr / 100* ibase ; uhighlimit /100* ubase ). 9...

  • Page 405

    Ibase : the parameter ibase is set to the generator rated current according to equation 240 . 3 n n s ibase u = × equation1816 v1 en (equation 240) ubase : the parameter ubase is set to the generator rated voltage (phase-phase) in kv. 9.14.3.4 overcurrent protection with undervoltage seal-in to obta...

  • Page 406

    9.15.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number generator stator overload protection gspttr 49s 9.15.2 application overload protection for stator, gspttr. The overload protection gspttr is intended to prevent thermal damage. ...

  • Page 407

    These conditions is primarily a function of i 2 r copper losses. Because temperature increases with current, it is logical to apply overcurrent elements with inverse time- current characteristics. The generator overcurrent applications are complicated by the complexity of generator thermal character...

  • Page 408

    Table 45: 100mva machine application when lv side 1000/5 ct is used parameter name selected value comment measurcurrent dc in order to measure directly rotor winding dc current ibase 810 rated current of the field winding (i.E. Field current required to produce rated output from the stator) ct_locat...

  • Page 409

    Section 10 voltage protection 10.1 two step undervoltage protection uv2ptuv 10.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number two step undervoltage protection uv2ptuv 3u symbol-r-2u-greater-than v2 en 27 10.1.2 application two-...

  • Page 410

    In many cases, uv2ptuv is a useful function in circuits for local or remote automation processes in the power system. 10.1.3 setting guidelines all the voltage conditions in the system where uv2ptuv performs its functions should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its v...

  • Page 411

    10.1.3.6 settings for two step undervoltage protection the following settings can be done for two step undervoltage protection uv2ptuv: conntype : sets whether the measurement shall be phase-to-earth fundamental value, phase-to-phase fundamental value, phase-to-earth rms value or phase-to-phase rms ...

  • Page 412

    Resettypecrvn : this parameter for inverse time characteristic can be set to instantaneous , frozen time , linearly decreased . The default setting is instantaneous . Tiresetn : reset time for step n if inverse time delay is used, given in s. The default value is 25 ms. Kn : time multiplier for inve...

  • Page 413

    Detection of abnormal conditions, which, in combination with other protection functions, increase the security of a complete protection system. High overvoltage conditions are caused by abnormal situations in the power system. Ov2ptov is applied to power system elements, such as generators, transfor...

  • Page 414

    Overvoltages for some time, but in case of large overvoltages the related equipment should be disconnected more rapidly. Some applications and related setting guidelines for the voltage level are given below: the hysteresis is for overvoltage functions very important to prevent that a transient volt...

  • Page 415

    When conntype is set to phn dft or phn rms then the ied automatically divides set value for ubase by √3. When conntype is set to phph dft or phph rms then set value for ubase is used. Therefore, always set ubase as rated primary phase-to-phase voltage of the protected object. If phase to neutral (ph...

  • Page 416

    Resettypecrvn : this parameter for inverse time characteristic can be set: instantaneous , frozen time , linearly decreased . The default setting is instantaneous . Tiresetn : reset time for step n if inverse time delay is used, given in s. The default value is 25 ms. Kn : time multiplier for invers...

  • Page 417

    Different earth-fault related functions, the residual overvoltage signal can be used as a release signal. The residual voltage can be measured either at the transformer neutral or from a voltage transformer open delta connection. The residual voltage can also be calculated internally, based on the m...

  • Page 418

    Winding. The setting must be above the highest occurring "normal" residual voltage and below the highest acceptable residual voltage for the capacitor. 10.3.3.3 stator earth-fault protection based on residual voltage measurement accidental contact between the stator winding in the slots and the stat...

  • Page 419

    Fundamental frequency voltage component. It has an excellent rejection of the third harmonic voltage component commonly present in such generator installations. G generator circuit breaker rov2 ptov 59n 3uo> rov2 ptov 59n uo> rov2 ptov 59n 3uo> unit transformer lv side vt generator terminal vt gener...

  • Page 420

    Uo u kv kv max ph ph = = = − 3 11 3 6 35 . Iecequation2394 v1 en (equation 244) 2. One vt input is to be used in the ied. The vt ratio should be set according to the neutral point transformer ratio. For this application, the correct primary and secondary rating values are 6.35 kv and 110 v respectiv...

  • Page 421

    3 3 3 11 19 05 uo u kv kv max ph ph = ⋅ = ⋅ = − . Iecequation2395 v1 en (equation 246) 2. One vt input is to be used in the ied. The vt ratio is to be set according to the open delta winding ratio. For this application correct primary and secondary rating values are 19.05 kv and 110 v respectively. ...

  • Page 422

    3 u 0 ul 1 iec07000190-2-en.Vsd iec07000190 v2 en figure 206: earth fault in non-effectively earthed systems 10.3.3.6 direct earthed system in direct earthed systems, an earth fault on one phase is indicated by voltage collapse in that phase. The other healthy phase will still have normal phase-to-e...

  • Page 423

    10.3.3.7 settings for two step residual overvoltage protection operation : off or on ubase (given in globalbasesel ) is used as voltage reference for the set pickup values. The voltage can be fed to the ied in different ways: 1. The ied is fed from a normal voltage transformer group where the residu...

  • Page 424

    Of the protection of a transformer that might be overexcited. The time delay must be co-ordinated with other automated actions in the system. Tresetn : reset time for step n if definite time delay is used, given in s. The default value is 25 ms. Tnmin : minimum operation time for inverse time charac...

  • Page 425

    10.4 overexcitation protection oexpvph 10.4.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number overexcitation protection oexpvph u/f > symbol-q v1 en 24 10.4.2 application when the laminated core of a power transformer is subjected t...

  • Page 426

    Loaded, the induced voltage and hence the flux density in the core can not be read off directly from the transformer terminal voltage. Normally, the leakage reactance of each separate winding is not known and the flux density in the transformer core can then not be calculated. In two-winding transfo...

  • Page 427

    G u/f> 24 u/f> 24 u/f> 24 en05000208.Vsd iec05000208 v1 en figure 208: alternative connections of an overexcitation protection oexpvph(volt/hertz) 10.4.3 setting guidelines 10.4.3.1 recommendations for input and output signals recommendations for input signals please see the default factory configur...

  • Page 428

    Alarm : the output is activated when the alarm level has been reached and the alarm timer has elapsed. When the system voltage is high this output sends an alarm to the operator. 10.4.3.2 settings globalbasesel : selects the global base value group used by the function to define ibase , ubase and sb...

  • Page 429

    Tmax : for overvoltages close to the set value times can be extremely long if a high k time constant is used. A maximum time can then be set to cut the longest times. Typical settings are 1800-3600 seconds (30-60 minutes) alarmlevel : setting of the alarm level in percentage of the set trip level. T...

  • Page 430

    Table 47: settings u/f op (%) timer time set (s) 105 t1 7200 (max) 112 t2 600 119 t3 60 126 t4 20 133 t5 8 140 t6 4 information on the cooling time constant t cool should be retrieved from the power transformer manufacturer. 1 2 5 50 200 110 120 130 140 150 100 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 10 20 100 v/hz % cont...

  • Page 431

    10.5 voltage differential protection vdcptov 10.5.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number voltage differential protection vdcptov - 60 10.5.2 application the voltage differential protection vdcptov functions can be used in...

  • Page 432

    Ud>l1 ph l2 ph l3 u1 u2 ud>l1 ph l2 ph l3 u1 u2 ph l3 ph l2 single earthed wye double wye iec06000390_1_en.Vsd iec06000390 v3 en figure 210: connection of voltage differential protection vdcptov function to detect unbalance in capacitor banks (one phase only is shown) vdcptov function has a block in...

  • Page 433

    Ud> u1 u2 to protection to excitation gen en06000389.Vsd iec06000389 v1 en figure 211: supervision of fuses on generator circuit voltage transformers 10.5.3 setting guidelines the parameters for the voltage differential function are set via the local hmi or pcm600. The following settings are done fo...

  • Page 434

    Udtrip : the voltage differential level required for tripping is set with this parameter. For application on capacitor banks the setting will depend of the capacitor bank voltage and the number of elements per phase in series and parallel. Capacitor banks must be tripped before excessive voltage occ...

  • Page 435

    10.6 100% stator earth fault protection, 3rd harmonic based stefphiz 10.6.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number 100% stator earth fault protection, 3rd harmonic based stefphiz - 59thd 10.6.2 application the stator earth-...

  • Page 436

    En06000316.Vsd ne g lig ible burning are a iec06000316 v1 en figure 212: relation between the amplitude of the generator earth fault current and the fault time as mentioned earlier, for medium and large generators, the common practice is to have high impedance earthing of generating units. The most ...

  • Page 437

    Under unfavorable conditions the blind zone may extend to 20% from the neutral. Some different earth fault protection solutions are shown in figure 213 and figure 214 . Generator unit transformer + iec06000317-2-en.Vsd 3u 0 iec06000317 v2 en figure 213: broken delta voltage transformer measurement o...

  • Page 438

    Generator unit transformer iec06000319-2-en.Vsd 3i 0 iec06000319 v2 en figure 215: neutral point current measurement in some power plants the connection of the neutral point resistor is made to the generator unit transformer neutral point. This is often done if several generators are connected to th...

  • Page 439

    Current, due to difference between the three phase current transformers, can be in the same range as the secondary earth fault current. Thus if physically possible, cable ct is recommended for such applications in order to measure 3i 0 correct. As indicated above, there will be very small neutral vo...

  • Page 440

    Tvolttype : stefphiz function is fed from a voltage transformer in the generator neutral. Tvolttype defines how the protection function is fed from voltage transformers at the high voltage side of the generator. The setting alternatives are: • novoltage is used when no voltage transformers are conne...

  • Page 441

    Should be based on neutral point 3 rd harmonic voltage measurement at normal operation. Unfund> : unfund> gives the operation level for the fundamental frequency residual voltage stator earth fault protection. The setting is given as % of the rated phase-to-earth voltage. A normal setting is in the ...

  • Page 442

    436.

  • Page 443

    Section 11 frequency protection 11.1 underfrequency protection saptuf 11.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number underfrequency protection saptuf f symbol-p v1 en 81 11.1.2 application underfrequency protection saptuf is...

  • Page 444

    1. To protect equipment against damage due to low frequency, such as generators, transformers, and motors. Overexcitation is also related to low frequency 2. To protect a power system, or a part of a power system, against breakdown, by shedding load, in generation deficit situations. The under frequ...

  • Page 445

    11.2.2 application overfrequency protection function saptof is applicable in all situations, where reliable detection of high fundamental power system frequency is needed. The power system frequency, and rate of change of frequency, is a measure of the unbalance between the actual generation and the...

  • Page 446

    11.3 rate-of-change of frequency protection sapfrc 11.3.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number rate-of-change of frequency protection sapfrc df/dt > symbol-n v1 en 81 11.3.2 application rate-of-change of frequency protect...

  • Page 447

    Take place very quickly, and there might not be enough time to wait until the frequency signal has reached an abnormal value. Actions are therefore taken at a frequency level closer to the primary nominal level, if the rate-of-change frequency is large (with respect to sign). The start value for sap...

  • Page 448

    1.0 - + frequency or resonant frequency ratio s tr e ss m ag ni fic at io n f ac to r iec12000611-2-en.Vsd 50 100 150 200 250 300 iec12000611 v2 en figure 217: typical stress magnification factor curve according ansi/ieee c37.106-2003 standard each turbine manufactured for different design of blades...

  • Page 449

    56 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 58 frequency (hz) time (minutes) time (minutes) time (minutes) time (minutes) iec13000258-1-en.Ai continuous operation prohibited operation 60 62 56 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 58 frequency (hz) continuous operation 60 62 56 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 58 frequency (hz) 60 62 continu...

  • Page 450

    Setting procedure on the ied the parameters for the frequency time accumulation protection ftaqfvr are set using the local hmi or through the dedicated software tool in protection and control manager (pcm600). Common base ied values for primary current ibase and primary voltage ubase are set in the ...

  • Page 451

    Section 12 multipurpose protection 12.1 general current and voltage protection cvgapc 12.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number general current and voltage protection cvgapc 2(i>/u - 12.1.2 application a breakdown of th...

  • Page 452

    • definite time delay or inverse time overcurrent toc/idmt delay for both steps • second harmonic supervision is available in order to only allow operation of the overcurrent stage(s) if the content of the second harmonic in the measured current is lower than pre-set level • directional supervision ...

  • Page 453

    Table 48: available selection for current quantity within cvgapc function set value for parameter "currentinput” comment 1 phase1 cvgapc function will measure the phase l1 current phasor 2 phase2 cvgapc function will measure the phase l2 current phasor 3 phase3 cvgapc function will measure the phase...

  • Page 454

    Set value for parameter "voltageinput" comment 4 posseq cvgapc function will measure internally calculated positive sequence voltage phasor 5 -negseq cvgapc function will measure internally calculated negative sequence voltage phasor. This voltage phasor will be intentionally rotated for 180° in ord...

  • Page 455

    Base current shall be entered as: 1. Rated phase current of the protected object in primary amperes, when the measured current quantity is selected from 1 to 9, as shown in table 48 . 2. Rated phase current of the protected object in primary amperes multiplied by √3 (1.732 x iphase), when the measur...

  • Page 456

    • improper synchronizing detection • sensitive negative sequence generator over current protection and alarm • phase or phase-to-phase or negative/positive/zero sequence over/under voltage protection • generator out-of-step detection (based on directional pos. Seq. Oc) • inadvertent generator energi...

  • Page 457

    12.1.3 setting guidelines when inverse time overcurrent characteristic is selected, the operate time of the stage will be the sum of the inverse time delay and the set definite time delay. Thus, if only the inverse time delay is required, it is important to set the definite time delay for that stage...

  • Page 458

    8. Set lowvolt_vm to value 2% ( negseq voltage level above which the directional element will be enabled) 9. Enable one overcurrent stage (for example, oc1) 10. By parameter curvetype_oc1 select appropriate toc/idmt or definite time delayed curve in accordance with your network protection philosophy...

  • Page 459

    12.1.3.2 negative sequence overcurrent protection example will be given how to use one cvgapc function to provide negative sequence inverse time overcurrent protection for a generator with capability constant of 20s, and maximum continuous negative sequence rating of 7% of the generator rated curren...

  • Page 460

    1. Connect three-phase generator currents to one cvgapc instance (for example, gf01) 2. Set parameter currentinput to value negseq 3. Set base current value to the rated generator current in primary amperes 4. Enable one overcurrent step (for example, oc1) 5. Select parameter curvetype_oc1 to value ...

  • Page 461

    Furthermore the other built-in protection elements can be used for other protection and alarming purposes (for example, use oc2 for negative sequence overcurrent alarm and ov1 for negative sequence overvoltage alarm). 12.1.3.3 generator stator overload protection in accordance with iec or ansi stand...

  • Page 462

    In order to achieve such protection functionality with one cvgapc functions the following must be done: 1. Connect three-phase generator currents to one cvgapc instance (for example, gf01) 2. Set parameter currentinput to value posseq 3. Set base current value to the rated generator current in prima...

  • Page 463

    Delayed time reset for oc1 step can be set in order to insure proper function operation in case of repetitive overload conditions. Furthermore the other built-in protection elements can be used for other protection and alarming purposes. In the similar way rotor overload protection in accordance wit...

  • Page 464

    12.1.3.5 voltage restrained overcurrent protection for generator and step-up transformer example will be given how to use one cvgapc function to provide voltage restrained overcurrent protection for a generator. Let us assume that the time coordination study gives the following required settings: • ...

  • Page 465

    • maximum generator capability to contentiously absorb reactive power at zero active loading 38% of the generator mva rating • generator pull-out angle 84 degrees this functionality can be achieved by using one cvgapc function. The following shall be done in order to insure proper operation of the f...

  • Page 466

    0.2 0.4 0.6 -0.2 0.6 0.8 0.8 1 d ilowset b a c 0.4 0.2 0 1.2 1.4 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -rca operating region q [pu] p [pu] rca u ps i ps ilowset operating region en05000535.Vsd iec05000535 v2 en figure 219: loss of excitation 12.1.3.7 inadvertent generator energization when the generator is taken out of se...

  • Page 467

    For big and important machines, fast protection against inadvertent energizing should, therefore, be included in the protective scheme. The protection against inadvertent energization can be made by a combination of undervoltage, overvoltage and overcurrent protection functions. The undervoltage fun...

  • Page 468

    12.1.3.8 general settings of the instance operation : with the parameter operation the function can be set on / off . Currentinput : the current used for the inadvertent energization application is set by the parameter currentinput . Here the setting maxph is chosen. Globalbasesel : selects the glob...

  • Page 469

    12.1.3.11 setting for uc1 operation_uc1 : operation_uc1 is set off if the function is not used for other protection function. 12.1.3.12 setting for uc2 operation_uc2 : operation_uc2 is set off if the function is not used for other protection function. 12.1.3.13 settings for ov1 operation_ov1 : the p...

  • Page 470

    Rescrvtype_uv1 : the reset time delay of uv1 should be delayed a short time so that the function is not blocked before operation of oc1 in case of inadvertent energizing of the generator. The parameter rescrvtype_uv1 is set to frozen timer . Tdef_uv1 : the time delay is set in the parameter tdef_uv1...

  • Page 471

    Section 13 system protection and control 13.1 multipurpose filter smaihpac 13.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number multipurpose filter smaihpac - - 13.1.2 application the multi-purpose filter, function block with name...

  • Page 472

    • overcurrent or overvoltage protection at specific frequency harmonic, sub- harmonic, inter-harmonic etc. • presence of special railway frequencies (e.G. 16.7hz or 25hz) in the three-phase power system • sensitive reverse power protection • stator or rotor earth fault protection for special injecti...

  • Page 473

    • t op is the operating time of the relay • t 01 is fixed time delay (setting) • k is a constant (setting) • i s is measured subsynchronous current in primary amperes the existing relay was applied on a large 50hz turbo generator which had shaft mechanical resonance frequency at 18.5hz. The relay se...

  • Page 474

    In order to adapt to the previous relay characteristic the above equation can be re- written in the following way: [ ] 01 1 1 0 so s so t k i s t i i æ ö ç ÷ ç ÷ = + × ç ÷ æ ö ç ÷ - ç ÷ ç ÷ è ø è ø equation13000032 v1 en (equation 260) thus if the following rules are followed when multi-purpose over...

  • Page 475

    Oc1 setting group1 operation_oc1 on startcurr_oc1 30.0 currmult_oc1 2.0 curvetype_oc1 programmable tdef_oc1 0.00 k_oc1 1.00 tmin1 30 tmin_oc1 1.40 rescrvtype_oc1 instantaneous tresetdef_oc1 0.00 p_oc1 1.000 a_oc1 118.55 b_oc1 0.640 c_oc1 0.000 1mrk 502 071-uen - section 13 system protection and cont...

  • Page 476

    470

  • Page 477

    Section 14 secondary system supervision 14.1 current circuit supervision ccsspvc 14.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number current circuit supervision ccsspvc - 87 14.1.2 application open or short circuited current tran...

  • Page 478

    Current circuit supervision ccsspvc compares the residual current from a three- phase set of current transformer cores with the neutral point current on a separate input taken from another set of cores on the same current transformer. Iminop : it must be set as a minimum to twice the residual curren...

  • Page 479

    The negative sequence detection algorithm, based on the negative-sequence measuring quantities is recommended for use in isolated or high-impedance earthed networks: a high value of voltage 3u 2 without the presence of the negative-sequence current 3i 2 is a condition that is related to a fuse failu...

  • Page 480

    Closes the current will start to flow and the function detects the fuse failure situation. But due to the 200 ms drop off timer the output blkz will not be activated until after 200 ms. This means that distance functions are not blocked and due to the “no voltage but current” situation might issue a...

  • Page 481

    100 2 2 3 ibase i i equation1520 v5 en (equation 262) where: i2 is the maximal negative sequence current during normal operating conditions, plus a margin of 10...20% ibase is the base current for the function according to the setting globalbasesel 14.2.3.4 zero sequence based the ied setting value ...

  • Page 482

    The setting of du> should be set high (approximately 60% of ubase ) and the current threshold di low (approximately 10% of ibase ) to avoid unwanted operation due to normal switching conditions in the network. The delta current and delta voltage function shall always be used together with either the...

  • Page 483

    14.3.2 application some protection functions operate on the basis of measured voltage at the relay point. Examples of such protection functions are distance protection function, undervoltage function and energisation-check function. These functions might mal-operate if there is an incorrect measured...

  • Page 484

    14.3.3 setting guidelines the parameters for fuse failure supervision vdspvc are set via the local hmi or pcm600. The voltage input type (phase-to-phase or phase-to-neutral) is selected using contypemain and contypepilot parameters, for main and pilot fuse groups respectively. The connection type fo...

  • Page 485

    Section 15 control 15.1 synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing sesrsyn 15.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing sesrsyn sc/vc symbol-m v1 en 25 15.1.2 applic...

  • Page 486

    Frequencies must also be within a range of ±5 hz from the rated frequency. When the synchronizing option is included also for autoreclose there is no reason to have different frequency setting for the manual and automatic reclosing and the frequency difference values for synchronism check should be ...

  • Page 487

    Synchronism are not detected. It is also used to prevent the re-connection of two systems, which are divided after islanding and after a three pole reclosing. Single pole auto-reclosing does not require any synchrocheck since the system is tied together by two phases. Sesrsyn function block includes...

  • Page 488

    Power swing in the net and the phase angle difference may begin to oscillate. Generally, the frequency difference is the time derivative of the phase angle difference and will, typically oscillate between positive and negative values. When the circuit breaker needs to be closed by auto-reclosing aft...

  • Page 489

    1 2 a energizingcheck uhighbusenerg > 50 - 120 % of gblbaseselbus uhighlineenerg > 50 - 120 % of gblbaseselline ulowbusenerg ulowlineenerg umaxenerg gblbaseselline line voltage bus voltage iec10000078-4-en.Vsd b iec10000078 v4 en figure 225: principle for the energizing check function the energizing...

  • Page 490

    Available voltage selection types are for single circuit breaker with double busbars and the 1½ circuit breaker arrangement. A double circuit breaker arrangement and single circuit breaker with a single busbar do not need any voltage selection function. Neither does a single circuit breaker with dou...

  • Page 491

    Iec07000118 v3 en figure 226: selection of the energizing direction from a local hmi symbol through a selector switch function block. 15.1.3 application examples the synchronizing function block can also be used in some switchyard arrangements, but with different parameter settings. Below are some e...

  • Page 492

    15.1.3.1 single circuit breaker with single busbar wa1_mcb line wa1 qb1 qa1 iec10000093-4-en.Vsd line_vt line_mcb wa1_mcb sesrsyn u3pbb1* u3pbb2* u3pln1* u3pln2* grp_off ub1ok ub1ff uln1ok uln1ff wa1_vt wa1_vt line_vt line_mcb wa1_mcb iec10000093 v4 en figure 227: connection of sesrsyn function bloc...

  • Page 493

    In this type of arrangement no internal voltage selection is required. The voltage selection is made by external relays typically connected according to figure 228 . Suitable voltage and vt fuse failure supervision from the two busbars are selected based on the position of the busbar disconnectors. ...

  • Page 494

    15.1.3.4 double circuit breaker wa1 wa2 wa1_qa1 wa2_qa1 line wa1_mcb wa2_ mcb line_mcb line_mcb wa1_vt wa1_qa1 grp_off sesrsyn u3pbb1* u3pbb2* u3pln1* u3pln2* wa1_vt line_vt ub1ok ub1ff uln1ok uln1ff wa1_mcb line_mcb wa2_qa1 grp_off sesrsyn u3pbb1* u3pbb2* u3pln1* u3pln2* wa2_vt line_vt ub1ok ub1ff ...

  • Page 495

    Line1 qb2 qb1 qb61 qb62 wa1 wa2 iec10000097-4-en.Vsd setting parameter cbconfig = 1 ½ bus cb setting parameter cbconfig = tie cb setting parameter cbconfig = 1 ½ bus alt. Cb wa2_qa1 tie_qa1 line1_qb9 wa1_qa1 wa1_vt wa2_vt line1_vt line2_vt tie_qa1 wa2_qa1 line1_qb9 line2_qb9 wa1_mcb wa2_mcb line1_mc...

  • Page 496

    The connections are similar in all sesrsyn functions, apart from the breaker position indications. The physical analog connections of voltages and the connection to the ied and sesrsyn function blocks must be carefully checked in pcm600. In all sesrsyn functions the connections and configurations mu...

  • Page 497

    15.1.4 setting guidelines the setting parameters for the synchronizing, synchrocheck and energizing check function sesrsyn are set via the local hmi (lhmi) or pcm600. This setting guidelines describes the settings of the sesrsyn function via the lhmi. Common base ied value for primary voltage ( ubas...

  • Page 498

    • no voltage selection, no voltage sel. • single circuit breaker with double bus, double bus • 1 1/2 circuit breaker arrangement with the breaker connected to busbar 1, 1 1/2 bus cb • 1 1/2 circuit breaker arrangement with the breaker connected to busbar 2, 1 1/2 bus alt. Cb • 1 1/2 circuit breaker ...

  • Page 499

    To avoid overlapping of the synchronizing function and the synchrocheck function the setting freqdiffmin must be set to a higher value than used setting freqdiffm , respective freqdiffa used for synchrocheck. Freqdiffmax the setting freqdiffmax is the maximum slip frequency at which synchronizing is...

  • Page 500

    Within this time, from when the synchronizing is started, even if a synchronizing condition is fulfilled. A typical setting is 200 ms. Synchrocheck settings operationsc the operationsc setting off disables the synchrocheck function and sets the outputs autosyok, mansyok, tstautsy and tstmansy to low...

  • Page 501

    Normally under more stable conditions and a longer operation time delay setting is needed, where the tscm setting is used. During auto-reclosing, a shorter operation time delay setting is preferable, where the tsca setting is used. A typical value for tscm can be 1 second and a typical value for tsc...

  • Page 502

    Umaxenerg this setting is used to block the closing when the voltage on the live side is above the set value of umaxenerg . Tautoenerg and tmanenerg the purpose of the timer delay settings, tautoenerg and tmanenerg , is to ensure that the dead side remains de-energized and that the condition is not ...

  • Page 503

    Station hmi gw cc station bus breakers disconnectors earthing switches iec08000227.Vsd apparatus control ied i/o local hmi apparatus control ied i/o apparatus control ied i/o local hmi local hmi iec08000227 v1 en figure 232: overview of the apparatus control functions features in the apparatus contr...

  • Page 504

    • reservation input resin • local remote locrem • local remote control locremctrl the signal flow between the function blocks is shown in figure 233 . To realize the reservation function, the function blocks reservation input (resin) and bay reserve (qcrsv) also are included in the apparatus control...

  • Page 505

    Merging unit bay level ied xcbr xcbr xcbr scswi iec 61850 on station bus xswi qcbay scilo scswi goosexlnrcv scilo xlnproxy goosexlnrcv xlnproxy -qa1 -qb1 -qb9 goose over process bus iec16000070-1-en.Vsdx iec16000070 v1 en figure 234: signal flow between apparatus control functions with xcbr and xswi...

  • Page 506

    Accepted originator categories for psto if the requested command is accepted by the authority control, the value will change. Otherwise the attribute blocked-by-switching-hierarchy is set in the cause signal. If the psto value is changed during a command, then the command is aborted. The accepted or...

  • Page 507

    Also be set to off, which means no operator place selected that is, operation is not possible either from local or from remote. For iec 61850-8-1 communication, the bay control function can be set to discriminate between commands with orcat station and remote (2 and 3). The selection is then done th...

  • Page 508

    • a request initiates to reserve other bays to prevent simultaneous operation. • actual position inputs for interlocking information are read and evaluated if the operation is permitted. • the synchrocheck/synchronizing conditions are read and checked, and performs operation upon positive response. ...

  • Page 509

    The realizations of these functions are done with sxcbr representing a circuit breaker and with sxswi representing a circuit switch that is, a disconnector or an earthing switch. Circuit breaker (sxcbr) can be realized either as three one-phase switches or as one three-phase switch. The content of t...

  • Page 510

    Iec16000071 v1 en figure 236: configuration with xlnproxy and goosexlnrcv where all the iec 61850 modelled data is used, including selection section 15 1mrk 502 071-uen - control 504 generator protection reg670 2.2 iec and injection equipment rex060, rex061, rex062 application manual.

  • Page 511

    Iec16000072 v1 en figure 237: configuration with xlnproxy and goosexlnrcv where only the mandatory data in the iec 61850 modelling is used all the information from the xlnproxy to the scswi about command following status, causes for failed command and selection status is transferred in the output xp...

  • Page 512

    Table 54: possible cause values from xlnproxy cause no cause description conditions 8 blocked-by-mode the beh input is 5. 2 blocked-by-switching-hierarchy the loc input indicates that only local commands are allowed for the breaker ied function. -24 blocked-for-open-cmd the blkopn is active indicati...

  • Page 513

    Bays are then transferred over the station bus for evaluation in the ied. After the evaluation the operation can be executed with high security. This functionality is realized over the station bus by means of the function blocks qcrsv and resin. The application principle is shown in figure 238 . The...

  • Page 514

    Scswi selected res_ext + ied bi bo ied bi bo or other scswi in the bay en05000118.Vsd iec05000118 v2 en figure 239: application principles for reservation with external wiring the solution in figure 239 can also be realized over the station bus according to the application example in figure 240 . Th...

  • Page 515

    • the switch controller (scswi) initializes all operations for one apparatus. It is the command interface of the apparatus. It includes the position reporting as well as the control of the position • the circuit breaker (sxcbr) is the process interface to the circuit breaker for the apparatus contro...

  • Page 516

    Sxcbr (circuit breaker) interlocking function block (not a ln) scswi (switching control) qcbay (bay control) smbrrec (auto- reclosure) i/o trip close rel. Res. Req. S ta rt a r close cb position res. Granted operator place selection scswi (switching control) sxswi (disconnector) open cmd close cmd p...

  • Page 517

    15.2.3.1 bay control (qcbay) if the parameter allpstovalid is set to no priority , all originators from local and remote are accepted without any priority. If the parameter remoteincstation is set to yes , commands from iec 61850-8-1 clients at both station and remote level are accepted, when the qc...

  • Page 518

    The timer tsynchronizing supervises that the signal synchronizing in progress is obtained in scswi after start of the synchronizing function. The start signal for the synchronizing is set if the synchrocheck conditions are not fulfilled. When the time has expired, the control function is reset, and ...

  • Page 519

    15.2.3.4 proxy for signals from switching device via goose xlnproxy the switchtype setting controls the evaluation of the operating capability. If switchtype is set to circuit breaker , the input opcap is interpreted as a breaker operating capability, otherwise it is interpreted as a switch operatin...

  • Page 520

    15.3 interlocking the main purpose of switchgear interlocking is: • to avoid the dangerous or damaging operation of switchgear • to enforce restrictions on the operation of the substation for other reasons for example, load configuration. Examples of the latter are to limit the number of parallel tr...

  • Page 521

    Seconds. Should both indications stay low for a longer period, the position indication will be interpreted as unknown . If both indications stay high, something is wrong, and the state is again treated as unknown . In both cases an alarm is sent to the operator. Indications from position sensors sha...

  • Page 522

    Qb1 qb2 qc1 qa1 qc2 qb9 qc9 wa1 (a) wa2 (b) wa7 (c) qb7 en04000478.Vsd iec04000478 v1 en figure 242: switchyard layout abc_line the signals from other bays connected to the module abc_line are described below. 15.3.2.2 signals from bypass busbar to derive the signals: signal bb7_d_op all line discon...

  • Page 523

    Qb7optr (bay 1) qb7optr (bay 2) . . . . . . Qb7optr (bay n-1) & bb7_d_op vpqb7tr (bay 1) vpqb7tr (bay 2) . . . . . . Vpqb7tr (bay n-1) & vp_bb7_d exdu_bpb (bay 1) exdu_bpb (bay 2) . . . . . . Exdu_bpb (bay n-1) & exdu_bpb en04000477.Vsd iec04000477 v1 en figure 243: signals from bypass busbar in lin...

  • Page 524

    These signals from each bus-coupler bay (abc_bc) are needed: signal bc12cltr a bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler exists between busbar wa1 and wa2. Bc17optr no bus-coupler connection through the own bus-coupler between busbar wa1 and wa7. Bc17cltr a bus-coupler connection through th...

  • Page 525

    Bc12cltr (sect.1) dccltr (a1a2) dccltr (b1b2) >1 & bc12cltr (sect.2) & vpbc12tr (sect.1) vpdctr (a1a2) vpdctr (b1b2) vpbc12tr (sect.2) >1 & bc17optr (sect.1) dcoptr (a1a2) bc17optr (sect.2) >1 & bc17cltr (sect.1) dccltr (a1a2) bc17cltr (sect.2) & vpbc17tr (sect.1) vpdctr (a1a2) vpbc17tr (sect.2) >1 ...

  • Page 526

    By setting the appropriate module inputs as follows. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=false and 1=true: • qb7_op = 1 • qb7_cl = 0 • qc71_op = 1 • qc71_cl = 0 • bb7_d_op = 1 • bc_17_op = 1 • bc_17_cl = 0 • bc_27_op = 1 • bc_27_cl = 0 • exdu_bpb = 1 • vp_bb7_d = 1 • vp_bc_17 =...

  • Page 527

    15.3.3.1 application the interlocking for bus-coupler bay (abc_bc) function is used for a bus-coupler bay connected to a double busbar arrangement according to figure 246 . The function can also be used for a single busbar arrangement with transfer busbar or double busbar arrangement without transfe...

  • Page 528

    For bus-coupler bay n, these conditions are valid: qb12optr (bay 1) qb12optr (bay 2) . . . . . . Qb12optr (bay n-1) & bbtr_op vpqb12tr (bay 1) vpqb12tr (bay 2) . . . . . . Vpqb12tr (bay n-1) & vp_bbtr exdu_12 (bay 1) exdu_12 (bay 2) . . . . . . Exdu_12 (bay n-1) & exdu_12 en04000481.Vsd iec04000481 ...

  • Page 529

    (a1a2_dc), have to be used. For b1b2_bs, corresponding signals from busbar b are used. The same type of module (a1a2_bs) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section circuit breakers a1a2_bs and b1b2_bs. Signal s1s2optr no bus-section coupler connection between bus-sections 1 and 2. ...

  • Page 530

    To derive the signals: signal bc_12_cl another bus-coupler connection exists between busbar wa1 and wa2. Vp_bc_12 the switch status of bc_12 is valid. Exdu_bc no transmission error from any bus-coupler bay (bc). These signals from each bus-coupler bay (abc_bc), except the own bay, are needed: signal...

  • Page 531

    Dccltr (a1a2) dccltr (b1b2) bc12cltr (sect.2) vpdctr (a1a2) vpdctr (b1b2) vpbc12tr (sect.2) exdu_dc (a1a2) exdu_dc (b1b2) exdu_bc (sect.2) & bc_12_cl vp_bc_12 exdu_bc en04000485.Vsd & & iec04000485 v1 en figure 251: signals to a bus-coupler bay in section 1 from a bus-coupler bay in another section ...

  • Page 532

    • bc_12_cl = 0 • vp_bc_12 = 1 • bbtr_op = 1 • vp_bbtr = 1 15.3.4 interlocking for transformer bay ab_trafo 15.3.4.1 application the interlocking for transformer bay (ab_trafo) function is used for a transformer bay connected to a double busbar arrangement according to figure 252 . The function is us...

  • Page 533

    15.3.4.2 signals from bus-coupler if the busbar is divided by bus-section disconnectors into bus-sections, the busbar- busbar connection could exist via the bus-section disconnector and bus-coupler within the other bus-section. Section 1 section 2 a1a2_dc(bs) b1b2_dc(bs) ab_trafo abc_bc ab_trafo abc...

  • Page 534

    • qb4_op = 1 • qb4_cl = 0 15.3.5 interlocking for bus-section breaker a1a2_bs 15.3.5.1 application the interlocking for bus-section breaker (a1a2_bs) function is used for one bus- section circuit breaker between section 1 and 2 according to figure 254 . The function can be used for different busbars...

  • Page 535

    To derive the signals: signal bbtr_op no busbar transfer is in progress concerning this bus-section. Vp_bbtr the switch status of bbtr is valid. Exdu_12 no transmission error from any bay connected to busbar 1(a) and 2(b). These signals from each line bay (abc_line), each transformer bay (ab_trafo),...

  • Page 536

    S1s2optr (b1b2) bc12optr (sect.1) qb12optr (bay 1/sect.2) qb12optr (bay n/sect.2) s1s2optr (b1b2) bc12optr (sect.2) qb12optr (bay 1/sect.1) qb12optr (bay n /sect.1) bbtr_op vp_bbtr exdu_12 en04000490.Vsd >1 & >1 & . . . . . . . . . . . . & & vps1s2tr (b1b2) vpbc12tr (sect.1) vpqb12tr (bay 1/sect.2) ...

  • Page 537

    S1s2optr (a1a2) bc12optr (sect.1) qb12optr (bay 1/sect.2) qb12optr (bay n/sect.2) s1s2optr (a1a2) bc12optr (sect.2) qb12optr (bay 1/sect.1) qb12optr (bay n /sect.1) bbtr_op vp_bbtr exdu_12 en04000491.Vsd >1 & >1 & . . . . . . . . . . . . & & vps1s2tr (a1a2) vpbc12tr (sect.1) vpqb12tr (bay 1/sect.2) ...

  • Page 538

    15.3.6 interlocking for bus-section disconnector a1a2_dc 15.3.6.1 application the interlocking for bus-section disconnector (a1a2_dc) function is used for one bus-section disconnector between section 1 and 2 according to figure 258 . A1a2_dc function can be used for different busbars, which includes...

  • Page 539

    Signal s1dc_op all disconnectors on bus-section 1 are open. S2dc_op all disconnectors on bus-section 2 are open. Vps1_dc the switch status of disconnectors on bus-section 1 is valid. Vps2_dc the switch status of disconnectors on bus-section 2 is valid. Exdu_bb no transmission error from any bay that...

  • Page 540

    Qb1optr (bay 1/sect.A1) s1dc_op vps1_dc exdu_bb en04000494.Vsd & & & qb1optr (bay n/sect.A1) . . . . . . . . . Vpqb1tr (bay 1/sect.A1) vpqb1tr (bay n/sect.A1) exdu_bb (bay 1/sect.A1) exdu_bb (bay n/sect.A1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iec04000494 v1 en figure 260: signals from any bays in se...

  • Page 541

    Qb2optr (qb220otr)(bay 1/sect.B1) s1dc_op vps1_dc exdu_bb en04000496.Vsd qb2optr (qb220otr)(bay n/sect.B1) . . . . . . . . . Vpqb2tr (vqb220tr)(bay 1/sect.B1) vpqb2tr (vqb220tr)(bay n/sect.B1) exdu_bb (bay 1/sect.B1) exdu_bb (bay n/sect.B1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & & & iec04000496 v1 en...

  • Page 542

    Section 1 section 2 a1a2_dc(bs) b1b2_dc(bs) db_bus db_bus db_bus db_bus (wa1)a1 (wa2)b1 b2 a2 en04000498.Vsd iec04000498 v1 en figure 264: busbars divided by bus-section disconnectors (circuit breakers) to derive the signals: signal s1dc_op all disconnectors on bus-section 1 are open. S2dc_op all di...

  • Page 543

    Qb1optr (bay 1/sect.A1) s1dc_op vps1_dc exdu_bb en04000499.Vsd & & & qb1optr (bay n/sect.A1) . . . . . . . . . Vpqb1tr (bay 1/sect.A1) vpqb1tr (bay n/sect.A1) exdu_db (bay 1/sect.A1) exdu_db (bay n/sect.A1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iec04000499 v1 en figure 265: signals from double-breaker...

  • Page 544

    Qb2optr (bay 1/sect.B1) s1dc_op vps1_dc exdu_bb en04000501.Vsd & & & qb2optr (bay n/sect.B1) . . . . . . . . . Vpqb2tr (bay 1/sect.B1) vpqb2tr (bay n/sect.B1) exdu_db (bay 1/sect.B1) exdu_db (bay n/sect.B1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iec04000501 v1 en figure 267: signals from double-breaker...

  • Page 545

    Section 1 section 2 a1a2_dc(bs) b1b2_dc(bs) bh_line (wa1)a1 (wa2)b1 b2 a2 en04000503.Vsd bh_line bh_line bh_line iec04000503 v1 en figure 269: busbars divided by bus-section disconnectors (circuit breakers) the project-specific logic is the same as for the logic for the double-breaker configuration....

  • Page 546

    Section 1 section 2 a1a2_dc(bs) b1b2_dc(bs) ab_trafo abc_line bb_es abc_line (wa1)a1 (wa2)b1 (wa7)c c b2 a2 en04000505.Vsd bb_es abc_bc iec04000505 v1 en figure 271: busbars divided by bus-section disconnectors (circuit breakers) to derive the signals: signal bb_dc_op all disconnectors on this part ...

  • Page 547

    If the busbar is divided by bus-section circuit breakers, the signals from the bus- section coupler bay (a1a2_bs) rather than the bus-section disconnector bay (a1a2_dc) must be used. For b1b2_bs, corresponding signals from busbar b are used. The same type of module (a1a2_bs) is used for different bu...

  • Page 548

    Qb1optr (bay 1/sect.A2) bb_dc_op vp_bb_dc exdu_bb en04000507.Vsd qb1optr (bay n/sect.A2) . . . . . . . . . Vpqb1tr (bay 1/sect.A2) vpqb1tr (bay n/sect.A2) vpdctr (a1/a2) exdu_bb (bay n/sect.A2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & & & dcoptr (a1/a2) exdu_bb (bay 1/sect.A2) exdu_dc (a1/a2) iec040005...

  • Page 549

    Qb2optr(qb220otr) (bay 1/sect.B2) bb_dc_op vp_bb_dc exdu_bb en04000509.Vsd qb2optr(qb220otr) (bay n/sect.B2) . . . . . . . . . Vpqb2tr(vqb220tr) (bay 1/sect.B2) vpqb2tr(vqb220tr) (bay n/sect.B2) vpdctr (b1/b2) exdu_bb (bay n/sect.B2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . & & & dcoptr (b1/b2) exdu_bb (...

  • Page 550

    Section 1 section 2 a1a2_dc(bs) b1b2_dc(bs) bb_es bb_es db_bus (wa1)a1 (wa2)b1 b2 a2 en04000511.Vsd db_bus iec04000511 v1 en figure 277: busbars divided by bus-section disconnectors (circuit breakers) to derive the signals: signal bb_dc_op all disconnectors of this part of the busbar are open. Vp_bb...

  • Page 551

    Section 1 section 2 a1a2_dc(bs) b1b2_dc(bs) bb_es bb_es bh_line (wa1)a1 (wa2)b1 b2 a2 en04000512.Vsd bh_line iec04000512 v1 en figure 278: busbars divided by bus-section disconnectors (circuit breakers) the project-specific logic are the same as for the logic for the double busbar configuration desc...

  • Page 552

    Wa1 (a) wa2 (b) qb1 qc1 qa1 qc2 qc9 qb61 qb9 qb2 qc4 qa2 qc5 qc3 qb62 db_bus_b db_line db_bus_a en04000518.Vsd iec04000518 v1 en figure 279: switchyard layout double circuit breaker for a double circuit-breaker bay, the modules db_bus_a, db_line and db_bus_b must be used. 15.3.8.2 configuration sett...

  • Page 553

    15.3.9 interlocking for 1 1/2 cb bh 15.3.9.1 application the interlocking for 1 1/2 breaker diameter (bh_conn, bh_line_a, bh_line_b) functions are used for lines connected to a 1 1/2 breaker diameter according to figure 280 . Wa1 (a) wa2 (b) qb1 qc1 qa1 qc2 qc9 qb6 qb9 qb2 qc1 qa1 qc2 qc3 qb6 qc3 qb...

  • Page 554

    • qb9_op = 1 • qb9_cl = 0 • qc9_op = 1 • qc9_cl = 0 if, in this case, line voltage supervision is added, then rather than setting qb9 to open state, specify the state of the voltage supervision: • qb9_op = volt_off • qb9_cl = volt_on if there is no voltage supervision, then set the corresponding inp...

  • Page 555

    • with the master-follower method • with the reverse reactance method • with the circulating current method of these alternatives, the first and the last require communication between the function control blocks of the different transformers, whereas the middle alternative does not require any commu...

  • Page 556

    Information about the control location is given to tr1atcc or tr8atcc function through connection of the permitted source to operate (psto) output of the qcbay function block to the input psto of the tr1atcc or tr8atcc function block. Control mode the control mode of the automatic voltage control fo...

  • Page 557

    Lo ad t ap c ha ng er raise,lower signals/alarms position bom mim ied i l1 ,i l2 ,i l3 trm 3ph or ph-ph or 1ph current high voltage side (load current) i l low voltage side line impedance r+jx u b (busbar voltage) load center ul (load point voltage) iec10000044-2-en.Vsd bim 3ph or ph-ph or 1ph volta...

  • Page 558

    Tr1atcc then compares this voltage with the set voltage, uset and decides which action should be taken. To avoid unnecessary switching around the setpoint, a deadband (degree of insensitivity) is introduced. The deadband is symmetrical around uset , see figure 282 , and it is arranged in such a way ...

  • Page 559

    Setting fsdmode . The ulower command, in fast step down mode, is issued with the settable time delay tfsd . The measured rms magnitude of the busbar voltage u b is shown on the local hmi as value busvolt under main menu/test/function status/control/ transformervoltagecontrol(atcc,90)/tr1atcc:x/tr8at...

  • Page 560

    For the last equation, the condition t1 > tmin shall also be fulfilled. This practically means that tmin will be equal to the set t1 value when absolute voltage deviation da is equal to Δu ( relative voltage deviation d is equal to 1). For other values see figure 283 . It should be noted that operat...

  • Page 561

    Automatic voltage control for tap changer function, tr1atcc for single control and tr8atcc for parallel control for voltage regulation instead of u b . However, tr1atcc or tr8atcc will still perform the following two checks: 1. The magnitude of the measured busbar voltage u b , shall be within the s...

  • Page 562

    In the second case, a voltage adjustment of the set point voltage can be made in four discrete steps (positive or negative) activated with binary signals connected to tr1atcc or tr8atcc function block inputs lva1, lva2, lva3 and lva4. The corresponding voltage adjustment factors are given as setting...

  • Page 563

    In order to realize the need for special measures to be taken when controlling transformers in parallel, consider first two parallel transformers which are supposed to be equal with similar tap changers. If they would each be in automatic voltage control for single transformer that is, each of them ...

  • Page 564

    Selecting a master is made by activating the input forcmast in tr8atcc function block. Deselecting a master is made by activating the input rstmast. These two inputs are pulse activated, and the most recent activation is valid that is, an activation of any of these two inputs overrides previous acti...

  • Page 565

    Load t1 i l t2 u b u l i t1 i t2 en06000486.Vsd iec06000486 v1 en figure 286: parallel transformers with equal rated data. In the reverse reactance method, the line voltage drop compensation is used. The original of the line voltage drop compensation function purpose is to control the voltage at a l...

  • Page 566

    A comparison with figure 284 gives that the line voltage drop compensation for the purpose of reverse reactance control is made with a value with opposite sign on x l , hence the designation “reverse reactance” or “negative reactance”. Effectively this means that, whereas the line voltage drop compe...

  • Page 567

    Parallel control with the circulating current method two transformers with different turns ratio, connected to the same busbar on the hv- side, will apparently show different lv-side voltage. If they are now connected to the same lv busbar but remain unloaded, this difference in no-load voltage will...

  • Page 568

    When the circulating current is known, it is possible to calculate a no-load voltage for each transformer in the parallel group. To do that the magnitude of the circulating current in each bay, is first converted to a voltage deviation, u di , with equation 272 : _ di i cc i i u c i x = ´ ´ equation...

  • Page 569

    Line voltage drop compensation for parallel control the line voltage drop compensation for a single transformer is described in section "line voltage drop" . The same principle is used for parallel control with the circulating current method and with the master – follower method, except that the tot...

  • Page 570

    Loaded parallel transformers, and thus be on a proper tap position when the lv circuit breaker closes. For this function, it is needed to have the lv vts for each transformer on the cable (tail) side (not the busbar side) of the cb, and to have the lv cb position hardwired to the ied. In tr8atcc blo...

  • Page 571

    1. If u di is positive and its modulus is greater than d u, then initiate an ulower command. Tapping will then take place after appropriate t1/t2 timing. 2. If u di is negative and its modulus is greater than d u, then initiate an uraise command. Tapping will then take place after appropriate t1/t2 ...

  • Page 572

    Load t1 i l t2 i cc....T2 i cc....T1 u b u l i t1 i t2 i c i t 2 -i c load t1 i l t2 i cc....T2 i cc....T1 u b u l i t1 i t2 i t2 i t1 i t1 i c en06000512.Vsd iec06000512 v1 en figure 289: capacitor bank on the lv-side from figure 289 it is obvious that the two different connections of the capacitor...

  • Page 573

    3 b c c u i x = ´ equation1872 v1 en (equation 275) in this way the measured lv currents can be adjusted so that the capacitor bank current will not influence the calculation of the circulating current. Three independent capacitor bank values q1, q2 and q3 can be set for each transformer in order to...

  • Page 574

    Busbar topology logic information of the busbar topology that is, position of circuit breakers and isolators, yielding which transformers that are connected to which busbar and which busbars that are connected to each other, is vital for the automatic voltage control for tap changer, parallel contro...

  • Page 575

    Communication messages only from the voltage control functions working in parallel (according to the current station configuration). When the parallel voltage control function detects that no other transformers work in parallel it will behave as a single voltage control function in automatic mode. E...

  • Page 576

    Signal explanation reacsec transformer reactance in primary ohms referred to the lv side relativeposition the transformer's actual tap position voltage setpoint the transformer's set voltage ( uset ) for automatic control manual configuration of vctr goose data set is required. Note that both data v...

  • Page 577

    Observe that this parameter must be set to off for the “own” transformer. (for transformer with identity t1 parameter t1rxop must be set to off , and so on. Blocking blocking conditions the purpose of blocking is to prevent the tap changer from operating under conditions that can damage it, or other...

  • Page 578

    Setting values (range) description revactpartbk(auto matically reset) alarm auto block the risk of voltage instability increases as transmission lines become more heavily loaded in an attempt to maximize the efficient use of existing generation and transmission facilities. In the same time lack of r...

  • Page 579

    Setting values (range) description tapposbk (automatically reset/manually reset) alarm auto block auto&man block this blocking/alarm is activated by either: 1. The tap changer reaching an end position i.E. One of the extreme positions according to the setting parameters lowvolttap and highvolttap . ...

  • Page 580

    Table 60: blocking settings setting value (range) description totalblock (manually reset) on / off tr1atcc or tr8atcc function can be totally blocked via the setting parameter totalblock , which can be set on / off from the local hmi or pst. The output totblk will be activated. Autoblock (manually r...

  • Page 581

    Table 62: blockings without setting possibilities activation type of blocking description disconnected transformer (automatically reset) auto block automatic control is blocked for a transformer when parallel control with the circulating current method is used, and that transformer is disconnected f...

  • Page 582

    • over-current • total block via settings • total block via configuration • analog input error • automatic block via settings • automatic block via configuration • under-voltage • command error • position indication error • tap changer error • reversed action • circulating current • communication er...

  • Page 583

    Transformer" , except that horizontal communication messages are still sent and received, but the received messages are ignored. Tr8atcc is at the same time also automatically excluded from the parallel group. Disabling of blockings in special situations when the automatic voltage control for tap ch...

  • Page 584

    Uraise/ulower ttctimeout tcinprog a h d e f g c b iec06000482_2_en.Vsd iec06000482 v2 en figure 292: timing of pulses for tap changer operation monitoring pos description a safety margin to avoid that tcinprog is not set high without the simultaneous presence of an uraise or ulower command. B time s...

  • Page 585

    In figure 292 , it can be noted that the fixed extension (c) 4 sec. Of tpulsedur , is made to prevent a situation with tcinprog set high without the simultaneous presence of an uraise or ulower command. If this would happen, tcmyltc or tclyltc would see this as a spontaneous tcinprog signal without ...

  • Page 586

    The noofoperations counter simply counts the total number of operations (incremental counter). Both counters are stored in a non-volatile memory as well as, the times and dates of their last reset. These dates are stored automatically when the command to reset the counter is issued. It is therefore ...

  • Page 587

    Ovpartbk : selection of action to be taken in case the busbar voltage u b exceeds umax . Revactpartbk : selection of action to be taken in case reverse action has been activated. Tapchgbk : selection of action to be taken in case a tap changer error has been identified. Tapposbk : selection of actio...

  • Page 588

    Operation fsdmode : this setting enables/disables the fast step down function. Enabling can be for automatic and manual control, or for only automatic control alternatively. Tfsd : time delay to be used for the fast step down tapping. Voltage usecmduset : this setting enabled makes it possible to se...

  • Page 589

    Follower method with the follow tap option, the master is executing the second, third, etc. Commands with time delay t2 . The followers on the other hand read the master’s tap position, and adapt to that with the additional time delay given by the setting tautomsf and set individually for each follo...

  • Page 590

    U b ji t * xline u l xline rline zline i t i t * rline j j 1 j 2 d u en06000626.Vsd iec06000626 v1 en figure 293: transformer with reverse reactance regulation and no circulating current the voltage d u=u b -u l =i t * rline +j i t * xline has the argument j 2 and it is realised that if j 2 is sligh...

  • Page 591

    To achieve a more correct regulation, an adjustment to a value of j 2 slightly less than -90° (2 – 4° less) can be made. The effect of changing power factor of the load will be that j 2 will no longer be close to -90° resulting in u l being smaller or greater than u b if the ratio rline/xline is not...

  • Page 592

    To half of the transformer reactance, and then observe how the parallel control behaves during a couple of days, and then tune it as required. It shall be emphasized that a quick response of the regulation that quickly pulls the transformer tap changers into equal positions, not necessarily correspo...

  • Page 593

    Hourhuntdetect : setting of the number of tap changer operations required during the last hour (sliding window) to activate the signal hourhunt twindowhunt : setting of the time window for the window hunting function. This function is activated when the number of contradictory commands to the tap ch...

  • Page 594

    Q> : when the reactive power exceeds the value given by this setting, the output qgtfwd will be activated after the time delay tpower . It shall be noticed that the setting is given with sign, which effectively means that the function picks up for all values of reactive power greater than the set va...

  • Page 595

    Changes from rated value at the ends of the regulation range). In most cases a value of a = 1.25 serves well. This calculation gives a setting of comp that will always initiate an action (start timer) when the transformers have n tap positions difference. Opersimtap : enabling/disabling the function...

  • Page 596

    Mahigh : the ma value that corresponds to the highest tap position. Applicable when reading of the tap position is made via a ma signal. Codetype : this setting gives the method of tap position reading. Useparity : sets the parity check on / off for tap position reading when this is made by binary, ...

  • Page 597

    15.5.2 application the logic rotating switch for function selection and lhmi presentation function (slgapc) (or the selector switch function block, as it is also known) is used to get a selector switch functionality similar with the one provided by a hardware multi- position selector switch. Hardwar...

  • Page 598

    15.6.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number selector mini switch vsgapc - 43 15.6.2 application selector mini switch (vsgapc) function is a multipurpose function used in the configuration tool in pcm600 for a variety of a...

  • Page 599

    15.7 generic communication function for double point indication dpgapc 15.7.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number generic communication function for double point indication dpgapc - - 15.7.2 application generic communica...

  • Page 600

    15.7.3 setting guidelines the function does not have any parameters available in the local hmi or pcm600. 15.8 single point generic control 8 signals spc8gapc 15.8.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number single point gener...

  • Page 601

    15.9 automationbits, command function for dnp3.0 autobits 15.9.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number automationbits, command function for dnp3 autobits - - 15.9.2 application automation bits, command function for dnp3 (a...

  • Page 602

    15.10.2 application single command, 16 signals (singlecmd) is a common function and always included in the ied. The ieds may be provided with a function to receive commands either from a substation automation system or from the local hmi. That receiving function block has outputs that can be used, f...

  • Page 603

    Single command function singlecmd cmdouty outy function n en04000207.Vsd function n iec04000207 v2 en figure 299: application example showing a logic diagram for control of built-in functions single command function singlesmd cmdouty outy device 1 user- defined conditions configuration logic circuit...

  • Page 604

    Parameters to be set are mode, common for the whole block, and cmdouty which includes the user defined name for each output signal. The mode input sets the outputs to be one of the types off, steady, or pulse. • off, sets all outputs to 0, independent of the values sent from the station level, that ...

  • Page 605

    Section 16 logic 16.1 tripping logic smpptrc 16.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number tripping logic smpptrc 1 -> 0 iec15000314 v1 en 94 16.1.2 application all trip signals from the different protection functions shall...

  • Page 606

    Operated when the fault is energized a second time. In the event of a transient fault the slave breaker performs a three-phase reclosing onto the non-faulted line. The same philosophy can be used for two-phase tripping and autoreclosing. To prevent closing of a circuit breaker after a trip, the func...

  • Page 607

    16.1.2.2 single- and/or three-phase tripping the single-/three-phase tripping will give single-phase tripping for single-phase faults and three-phase tripping for multi-phase fault. The operating mode is always used together with a single-phase autoreclosing scheme. The single-phase tripping can inc...

  • Page 608

    Iec05000545=4=en=original.Vsdx block blklkout trin trinl1 trinl2 trinl3 psl1 psl2 psl3 1ptrz 1ptref p3ptr setlkout rstlkout stdir trip smpptrc trl1 trl2 trl3 tr1p tr2p tr3p cllkout start stl1 stl2 stl3 fw rev phase segregated trip l1, l2 and l3 from example line differential or distance protection p...

  • Page 609

    The lock-out can then be manually reset after checking the primary fault by activating the input reset lock-out rstlkout. If external conditions are required to initiate a closing circuit lock-out but not to lockout trip, this can be achieved by activating input setlkout. The setting autolock = off ...

  • Page 610

    Iec16000180-1-en.Vsdx block start fw rev stl1 fwl1 revl1 stl2 fwl2 revl2 stl3 fwl3 revl3 stdir startcomb block start fw rev stl1 fwl1 revl1 stl2 fwl2 revl2 stl3 fwl3 revl3 stdir startcomb block stdir1 stdir2 stdir3 stdir4 stdir5 stdir6 stdir7 stdir8 stdir9 stdir10 stdir11 stdir12 stdir13 stdir14 std...

  • Page 611

    Act naming and description: • smagapc for start matrix function • smpptrc for trip function • startcomb for start combination function (boolean to word) 16.1.2.6 blocking of the function block total block of the trip function is done by activating the input block and can be used to disable the outpu...

  • Page 612

    16.2.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number trip matrix logic tmagapc - - 16.2.2 application the trip matrix logic tmagapc function is used to route trip signals and other logical output signals to different output contac...

  • Page 613

    16.3.2 application group alarm logic function almcalh is used to route alarm signals to different leds and/or output contacts on the ied. Almcalh output signal and the physical outputs allows the user to adapt the alarm signal to physical tripping outputs according to the specific application needs....

  • Page 614

    16.5.1.1 application group indication logic function indcalh is used to route indication signals to different leds and/or output contacts on the ied. Indcalh output signal ind and the physical outputs allows the user to adapt the indication signal to physical outputs according to the specific applic...

  • Page 615

    Execution of functions as defined by the configurable logic blocks runs according to a fixed sequence with different cycle times. For each cycle time, the function block is given an serial execution number. This is shown when using the act configuration tool with the designation of the function bloc...

  • Page 616

    16.7 fixed signal function block fxdsign 16.7.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number fixed signals fxdsign - - 16.7.2 application the fixed signals function (fxdsign) has nine pre-set (fixed) signals that can be used in t...

  • Page 617

    I3pw1ct1 i3pw2ct1 i3p refpdif grp_off fxdsign iec09000620_3_en.Vsd iec09000620 v3 en figure 307: refpdif function inputs for normal transformer application 16.8 boolean 16 to integer conversion b16i 16.8.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/iee...

  • Page 618

    Name of input type default description value when activated value when deactivated in1 boolean 0 input 1 1 0 in2 boolean 0 input 2 2 0 in3 boolean 0 input 3 4 0 in4 boolean 0 input 4 8 0 in5 boolean 0 input 5 16 0 in6 boolean 0 input 6 32 0 in7 boolean 0 input 7 64 0 in8 boolean 0 input 8 128 0 in9 ...

  • Page 619

    The btigapc function will transfer a combination of up to 16 binary inputs inx where 1≤x≤16 to an integer. Each inx represents a value according to the table below from 0 to 32768. This follows the general formula: inx = 2 x-1 where 1≤x≤16. The sum of all the values on the activated inx will be avai...

  • Page 620

    16.10.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number integer to boolean 16 conversion ib16 - - 16.10.2 application integer to boolean 16 conversion function (ib16) is used to transform an integer into a set of 16 binary (logical)...

  • Page 621

    The sum of the numbers in column “value when activated” when all inx (where 1≤x≤16) are active that is=1; is 65535. 65535 is the highest boolean value that can be converted to an integer by the ib16 function block. 16.11 integer to boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation itbgapc 16.11.1...

  • Page 622

    Name of outx type description value when activated value when deactivated out9 boolean output 9 256 0 out10 boolean output 10 512 0 out11 boolean output 11 1024 0 out12 boolean output 12 2048 0 out13 boolean output 13 4096 0 out14 boolean output 14 8192 0 out15 boolean output 15 16384 0 out16 boolea...

  • Page 623

    16.13 elapsed time integrator with limit transgression and overflow supervision teigapc 16.13.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number elapsed time integrator teigapc - - 16.13.2 application the function teigapc is used for...

  • Page 624

    16.14 comparator for integer inputs - intcomp 16.14.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number comparison of integer values intcomp int 16.14.2 application the function gives the possibility to monitor the level of integer va...

  • Page 625

    Similarly for signed comparison between inputs set the enaabs = signed set the refsource = input ref for absolute comparison between input and setting set the enaabs = absolute set the refsource = set value setvalue shall be set between -2000000000 to 2000000000 similarly for signed comparison betwe...

  • Page 626

    Refsource : this setting is used to select the reference source between input and setting for comparison. • input ref : the function will take reference value from input ref • set value : the function will take reference value from setting setvalue setvalue : this setting is used to set the referenc...

  • Page 627

    If the comparison should be done between two current magnitudes then those current signals need to be connected to function inputs, input and ref. Then the settings should be adjusted as below, enaabs = absolute refsource = input ref equalbandhigh = 5.0 % of reference value equalbandlow = 5.0 % of r...

  • Page 628

    622.

  • Page 629

    Section 17 monitoring 17.1 measurement 17.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number power system measurements cvmmxn p, q, s, i, u, f symbol-rr v1 en - phase current measurement cmmxu i symbol-ss v1 en - phase-phase voltag...

  • Page 630

    For efficient production, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. It provides to the system operator fast and easy overview of the present status of the power system. Additionally, it can be used during testing and commissioning of protection and control ieds in order to verify proper op...

  • Page 631

    It is possible to calibrate the measuring function above to get better then class 0.5 presentation. This is accomplished by angle and amplitude compensation at 5, 30 and 100% of rated current and at 100% of rated voltage. The power system quantities provided, depends on the actual hardware, (trm) an...

  • Page 632

    • when system voltage falls below ugenzerodb , values for s, p, q, pf, ilag, ilead, u and f are forced to zero. • when system current falls below igenzerodb , values for s, p, q, pf, ilag, ilead, u and f are forced to zero. • when the value of a single signal falls below its set deadband, the value ...

  • Page 633

    Iangcompy : angle compensation to calibrate angle measurements at y% of ir, where y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. The following general settings can be set for the phase current measurement (cmmxu). Iampcompy : amplitude compensation to calibrate current measurements at y% of ir, where y is equal to 5, ...

  • Page 634

    Xhilim : high limit. Set as % of ybase (y is sbase for s,p,q ubase for voltage measurement and ibase for current measurement). Xlowlim : low limit. Set as % of ybase (y is sbase for s,p,q ubase for voltage measurement and ibase for current measurement). Xlowlowlim : low-low limit. Set as % of ybase ...

  • Page 635

    17.1.4.1 setting examples three setting examples, in connection to measurement function (cvmmxn), are provided: • measurement function (cvmmxn) application for a ohl • measurement function (cvmmxn) application on the secondary side of a transformer • measurement function (cvmmxn) application for a g...

  • Page 636

    • general settings as shown in table 65 . • level supervision of active power as shown in table 66 . • calibration parameters as shown in table 67 . Table 65: general settings parameters for the measurement function setting short description selected value comments operation operation off/on on func...

  • Page 637

    Setting short description selected value comments phihilim high high limit (physical value), % of sbase 60 high alarm limit that is, extreme overload alarm, hence it will be 415 mw. Philim high limit (physical value), in % of sbase 50 high warning limit that is, overload warning, hence it will be 37...

  • Page 638

    110kv busbar 200/1 35 / 0,1 kv 35kv busbar 500/5 p q 31,5 mva 110/36,75/(10,5) kv yy0(d5) u l1l2 iec09000040-1-en.Vsd ied iec09000040-1-en v1 en figure 310: single line diagram for transformer application in order to measure the active and reactive power as indicated in figure 310 , it is necessary ...

  • Page 639

    Table 68: general settings parameters for the measurement function setting short description selected value comment operation operation off / on on function must be on powampfact amplitude factor to scale power calculations 1.000 typically no scaling is required powangcomp angle compensation for pha...

  • Page 640

    220kv busbar 300/1 15 / 0,1 kv 4000/5 100 mva 242/15,65 kv yd5 u l1l2 , u l2l3 g p q 100mva 15,65kv iec09000041-1-en.Vsd ied iec09000041-1-en v1 en figure 311: single line diagram for generator application in order to measure the active and reactive power as indicated in figure 311 , it is necessary...

  • Page 641

    Table 69: general settings parameters for the measurement function setting short description selected value comment operation operation off/on on function must be on powampfact amplitude factor to scale power calculations 1.000 typically no scaling is required powangcomp angle compensation for phase...

  • Page 642

    Operation : this is used to disable/enable the operation of gas medium supervision i.E. Off/on. Presalmlimit : this is used to set the limit for a pressure alarm condition in the circuit breaker. Preslolimit : this is used to set the limit for a pressure lockout condition in the circuit breaker. Tem...

  • Page 643

    17.3.2 application liquid medium supervision (ssiml) is used for monitoring the transformers and tap changers. When the level becomes too low compared to the required value, the operation is blocked to minimize the risk of internal failures. Binary information based on the oil level in the transform...

  • Page 644

    17.4 breaker monitoring sscbr 17.4.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number breaker monitoring sscbr - - 17.4.2 application the circuit breaker maintenance is usually based on regular time intervals or the number of operati...

  • Page 645

    N u m b e r o f m a ke -b re a k op e ra tio n s ( n ) interrupted current (ka) p1 p2 100000 50000 20000 10000 2000 5000 1000 100 200 500 10 20 50 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 iec12000623_1_en.Vsd iec12000623 v1 en figure 312: an example for estimating the remaining life of a circuit breaker calcu...

  • Page 646

    Rated current. The remaining life of the cb would be (10000 – 10) = 9989 at the rated operating current after one operation at 10 ka. • breaker interrupts at and above rated fault current, that is, 50 ka, one operation at 50 ka is equivalent to 10000/50 = 200 operations at the rated operating curren...

  • Page 647

    Wear, travel time, number of operation cycles and accumulated energy during arc extinction. 17.4.3.1 setting procedure on the ied the parameters for breaker monitoring (sscbr) can be set using the local hmi or protection and control manager (pcm600). Common base ied values for primary current ( ibas...

  • Page 648

    Ratedfltcurr : rated fault current of the circuit breaker. Opernorated : number of operations possible at rated current. Opernofault : number of operations possible at rated fault current. Cblifealmlevel : alarm level for circuit breaker remaining life. Accselcal : selection between the method of ca...

  • Page 649

    • noevents • onset , at pick-up of the signal • onreset , at drop-out of the signal • onchange , at both pick-up and drop-out of the signal • autodetect , the event function makes the reporting decision (reporting criteria for integers have no semantic, prefer to be set by the user) lonchannelmask o...

  • Page 650

    A disturbance. An analysis of the recorded data provides valuable information that can be used to explain a disturbance, basis for change of ied setting plan, improve existing equipment, and so on. This information can also be used in a longer perspective when planning for and designing new installa...

  • Page 651

    Figure 313 shows the relations between disturbance report, included functions and function blocks. Event list (el), event recorder (er) and indication (ind) uses information from the binary input function blocks (bxrbdr). Trip value recorder (tvr) uses analog information from the analog input functi...

  • Page 652

    Red led: steady light triggered on binary signal n with setledx = trip (or start and trip) flashing the ied is in configuration mode operation the operation of disturbance report function drprdre has to be set on or off . If off is selected, note that no disturbance report is registered, and none su...

  • Page 653

    17.6.3.1 recording times the different recording times for disturbance report are set (the pre-fault time, post- fault time, and limit time). These recording times affect all sub-functions more or less but not the event list (el) function. Prefault recording time ( prefaultrect ) is the recording ti...

  • Page 654

    For each of the 352 signals, it is also possible to select if the signal is to be used as a trigger for the start of the disturbance report and if the trigger should be activated on positive (1) or negative (0) slope. Operationn : disturbance report may trig for binary input n ( on ) or not ( off )....

  • Page 655

    Indications indicationman : indication mask for binary input n. If set ( show ), a status change of that particular input, will be fetched and shown in the disturbance summary on local hmi. If not set ( hide ), status change will not be indicated. Setledn : set red led on local hmi in front of the i...

  • Page 656

    • binary signals: use only relevant signals to start the recording that is, protection trip, carrier receive and/or start signals. • analog signals: the level triggering should be used with great care, since unfortunate settings will cause enormously number of recordings. If nevertheless analog inpu...

  • Page 657

    17.7.3 setting guidelines the pulse time t is the only setting for the logical signal status report (binstatrep). Each output can be set or reset individually, but the pulse time will be the same for all outputs in the entire binstatrep function. 17.8 limit counter l4ufcnt 17.8.1 identification func...

  • Page 658

    17.9 running hour-meter teilgapc 17.9.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number running hour-meter teilgapc - - 17.9.2 application the function is used for user-defined logics and it can also be used for different purposes i...

  • Page 659

    • laminated steel core with copper or aluminium windings • solid refined paper insulation • highly refined mineral oil as insulating and cooling medium for the entire transformer the oil is cooled by a separate cooling system using air or water. The core, windings and insulation have specific therma...

  • Page 660

    • distribution transformers : only hot spot temperature in the windings and thermal deterioration are considered. • medium power transformers : hot spot temperature in the windings, thermal deterioration and variations in the cooling modes are considered. • large power transformer : hot spot tempera...

  • Page 661

    Winding hot spot temperature depends on the oil temperature inside the winding, load losses in the winding, cooling type and ambient temperature. For most transformers in service, oil temperature inside a winding is difficult to measure. On the other hand, top oil temperature at the top of the tank ...

  • Page 662

    Planned loading beyond nameplate rating hours of the day 12 2 4 6 8 12 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 12 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 12 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 12 10 2 4 6 8 10 hours of the day hours of the day hours of the day 80°c 90°c 100°c 110°c 120°c 130°c 140°c 80°c 90°c 100°c 110°c 120°c 130°c 140°c ...

  • Page 663

    Contributions to insulation deterioration can be minimized, leaving insulation temperature as the controlling parameter. Temperature distribution is not uniform in transformers, the part that is operating at the highest temperature normally undergoes the greatest deterioration. Therefore, in aging s...

  • Page 664

    Based on the settings traforating and trafotype , transformer parameters are selected for temperature calculations. Both ieee and iec standards defines the transformer parameters based on three categories of transformer rating. In the case of three phase transformers: • if the transformer rating is ...

  • Page 665

    • average : the average of all phase currents of winding is considered for calculation. • maximum : the maximum current out of the all phase currents is considered for calculation. Tempeunitmode : this setting is used to select the temperature unit to be used for the function interface. The options ...

  • Page 666

    Oiltmconstmode : this setting is used to select the oil time constant mode of input to the function. It has three options: • standard : oil time constant is taken from the ieee or iec standard as selected for the temperature calculations. • user defined : oil time constant is provided by the user th...

  • Page 667

    • standard : winding time constant is taken from the ieee or iec standard as selected for the temperature calculations. • user defined : winding time constant is provided by the user through setting. The value may be given by the transformer manufacturer. • calculated : winding time constant is calc...

  • Page 668

    Loss ratios at different tap positions are required for the calculation of top oil temperature, especially when the transformer is using online tap changer. This loss ratio is the ratio between load losses to no-load loss. It may vary from 6 -7 for distribution transformer and 4-8 for power transfor...

  • Page 669

    Sepambtmp : this setting is used to set the september month average ambient temperature. Octambtmp : this setting is used to set the october month average ambient temperature. Novambtmp : this setting is used to set the november month average ambient temperature. Decambtmp : this setting is used to ...

  • Page 670

    The following settings are required to perform the insulation loss of life calculation: enaagecalc : this setting is used to enable or disable the transformer insulation loss of life calculation. It has the following options: • enable : transformer insulation age calculation is enabled. • disable : ...

  • Page 671

    Table 71: suggested maximum temperature limits type of temperature normal life expectancy loading planned loading beyond nameplate rating long term loading short term loading insulated winding hot spot temperature in °c 120 130 140 180 top oil temperature in °c 105 110 110 110 ieee standard has also...

  • Page 672

    Parameter value note tap changer ±9 1.67% of 230 kv winding 1 rated current 696 a winding 2 rated current 1255 a winding 3 rated current 577 a connection type ynyn0d1 cooling onaf p.U. Impedance 0.120 at base 500 mva ct ratio winding 1 1000/1 a ct ratio winding 2 2000/1 a ct ratio winding 3 1000/1 a...

  • Page 673

    Setting short description selected value oiltmconstmode select the transformer oil time constant mode of input to the function standard oiltimeconst set the transformer oil time constant when the oil time constant mode is selected as user defined 9000.0 sec avgoiltmprise set the transformer average ...

  • Page 674

    Setting short description selected value culossw1 set the transformer winding loss for the winding 1 when the winding time constant mode is selected as calculated 2.0 mw culossw2 set the transformer winding loss for the winding 2 when the winding time constant mode is selected as calculated 4.0 mw c...

  • Page 675

    Setting short description selected value mayambtmp set the may month average ambient temperature for the calculation of top oil temperature when ambient temperature sensor failure/absence 30° c juneambtmp set the june month average ambient temperature for the calculation of top oil temperature when ...

  • Page 676

    Setting short description selected value enaagecalc enable the transformer insulation loss of life calculation enable initiallife set the initial loss of insulation life 0.0 hours expectedlife set the expected life of the transformer 1, 80,000 hours ageingratemeth select the ageing rate method of ca...

  • Page 677

    Section 18 metering 18.1 pulse-counter logic pcfcnt 18.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number pulse-counter logic pcfcnt s00947 v1 en - 18.1.2 application pulse-counter logic (pcfcnt) function counts externally generate...

  • Page 678

    On the binary input module (bim), the debounce filter default time is set to 1 ms, that is, the counter suppresses pulses with a pulse length less than 1 ms. The input oscillation blocking frequency is preset to 40 hz meaning that the counter detects the input to oscillate if the input frequency is ...

  • Page 679

    Cvmmxn p_ inst q_ inst etpmmtr p q rstacc rstdmd startacc stopacc iec130 00190-2-en.Vsdx iec13000190 v2 en figure 317: connection of energy calculation and demand handling function etpmmtr to the measurements function (cvmmxn) the energy values can be read through communication in mwh and mvarh in m...

  • Page 680

    Enaacc : off / on is used to switch the accumulation of energy on and off. Tenergy : time interval when energy is measured. Tenergyonpls : gives the pulse length on time of the pulse. It should be at least 100 ms when connected to the pulse counter function block. Typical value can be 100 ms. Tenerg...

  • Page 681

    Section 19 ethernet-based communication 19.1 access point 19.1.1 application the access points are used to connect the ied to the communication buses (like the station bus) that use communication protocols. The access point can be used for single and redundant data communication. The access points a...

  • Page 682

    Iec61850 ed1 ieds because in iec61850 ed1 only one access point can be modelled in scl. The ip address can be set in ip address . Ect validates the value, the access points have to be on separate subnetworks. The subnetwork mask can be set in subnet mask . This field will be updated to the scl model...

  • Page 683

    19.2.2 application dynamic access point diagnostic (rchlcch) is used to supervise and assure redundant ethernet communication over two channels. This will secure data transfer even though one communication channel might not be available for some reason parallel redundancy protocol (prp) and high-ava...

  • Page 684

    Iec16000038-1-en.Vsdx ap1 phyportb phyporta ap1 phyporta phyportb ap1 phyporta phyportb ap1 phyportb phyporta device 1 device 2 device 3 device 4 iec16000038 v1 en figure 319: high-availability seamless redundancy (hsr) 19.2.3 setting guidelines redundant communication is configured with the etherne...

  • Page 685

    Iec16000039-1-en.Vsdx iec16000039 v1 en figure 320: ect screen with redundancy set to prp-1 on access point 1 and hsr access point 3 19.3 merging unit 19.3.1 application the iec/uca 61850-9-2le process bus communication protocol enables an ied to communicate with devices providing measured values in...

  • Page 686

    Iec17000044-1-en.Vsdx iec17000044 v1 en figure 321: merging unit 19.3.2 setting guidelines for information on the merging unit setting guidelines, see section iec/uca 61850-9-2le communication protocol . 19.4 routes 19.4.1 application setting up a route enables communication to a device that is loca...

  • Page 687

    Section 20 station communication 20.1 communication protocols each ied is provided with several communication interfaces enabling it to connect to one or many substation level systems or equipment, either on the substation automation (sa) bus or substation monitoring (sm) bus. Available communicatio...

  • Page 688

    Kiosk 2 kiosk 3 station hsi base system engineering workstation sms gateway printer cc iec09000135_en.V sd kiosk 1 ied 1 ied 2 ied 3 ied 1 ied 2 ied 3 ied 1 ied 2 ied 3 iec09000135 v1 en figure 322: sa system with iec 61850–8–1 figure 323 shows the goose peer-to-peer communication. Control protectio...

  • Page 689

    20.2.2 setting guidelines there are two settings related to the iec 61850–8–1 protocol: operation : user can set iec 61850 communication to on or off . Gooseported1 : selection of the ethernet link where goose traffic shall be sent and received. This is only valid for edition 1 and can be ignored if...

  • Page 690

    The high and low limit settings provides limits for the high-high-, high, normal, low and low-low ranges of the measured value. The actual range of the measured value is shown on the range output of mvgapc function block. When a measured value expander block (range_xp) is connected to the range outp...

  • Page 691

    20.3 iec/uca 61850-9-2le communication protocol 20.3.1 introduction every ied can be provided with communication interfaces enabling it to connect to the process buses in order to get data from analog data acquisition units close to the process (primary apparatus), commonly known as merging units (m...

  • Page 692

    The ied can get analog values simultaneously from a classical ct or vt and from a merging unit, like in this example: the merging units (mu) are called so because they can gather analog values from one or more measuring transformers, sample the data and send the data over process bus to other client...

  • Page 693

    Ct ct abb merging unit ethernet switch ied combi sensor conventional vt iec61850-9-2le iec61850-9-2le splitter electrical-to- optical converter 1pps 1pps 110 v 1 a 1 a iec61850-8-1 station wide scada system station wide gps clock other relays iec61850-8-1 en08000069-3.Vsd iec08000069 v2 en figure 32...

  • Page 694

    • main menu/configuration/analog modules/mux:92xx . The corresponding settings are also available in pst (pcm600). • main menu/configuration/communication/merging units configuration/ mux:92xx . The corresponding settings are also available in ect (pcm600). Xx can take value 01–12. 20.3.2.1 specific...

  • Page 695

    Case 2: failure of the mu (sample lost) blocks the sending of binary signals through ldcm. The received binary signals are not blocked and processd normally. →dtt from the remote end is still processed. Iec13000299-2-en.Vsd direct transfer trip (dtt) local remote ied ied mu not ok ok iec13000299 v2 ...

  • Page 696

    Table 74: blocked protection functions if iec/uca 61850-9-2le communication is interrupted and functions are connected to specific mus function description iec 61850 identification function description iec 61850 identification accidental energizing protection for synchronous generator aegpvoc two st...

  • Page 697

    Function description iec 61850 identification function description iec 61850 identification directional overpower protection goppdop transformer differential protection, three winding t3wpdif generator rotor overload protection grpttr automatic voltage control for tapchanger, single control tr1atcc ...

  • Page 698

    Function description iec 61850 identification function description iec 61850 identification thermal overload protection, one time constant lfpttr fullscheme distance protection, quadrilateral for earth faults zmmapdis loss of voltage check lovptuv fullscheme distance protection, quadrilateral for ea...

  • Page 699

    An external time source can be used to synchronize both the ied and the mu. It is also possible to use the mu as a clock master to synchronize the ied from the mu. When using an external clock, it is possible to set the ied to be synchronized via pps, irig- b or ptp. It is also possible to use an in...

  • Page 700

    Settings on the local hmi under main menu/configuration/communication/ ethernet configuration/access point/ap_x : • operation: on • ptp: on two status monitoring signals can be: • synch signal on the mux function block indicates that protection functions are blocked due to loss of internal time sync...

  • Page 701

    Settings on the local hmi under main menu/configuration/time/ synchronization/timesynchgen:1/general : • finesyncsource can be set to something different to correlate events and data to other ieds in the station. Two status monitoring signals can be: • synch signal on the mux function block indicate...

  • Page 702

    • hwsyncsrc : set to pps/irig-b depending on available outputs on the clock • synclostmode : set to block to block protection functions if time synchronization is lost • syncacclevel : can be set to 4μs since this corresponds to a maximum phase angle error of 0.072 degrees at 50hz • finesyncsource :...

  • Page 703

    • hwsyncsrc : set to off • synclostmode : set to no block to indicate that protection functions are not blocked • syncacclevel : set to unspecified two status monitoring signals with no time synchronization: • synch signal on the mux function block indicates that protection functions are blocked due...

  • Page 704

    Or control functions in the ied. The function outputs are updated once every second and, therefore, do not reflect the quality bits in real time. 20.4 lon communication protocol 20.4.1 application control center ied ied ied gateway star coupler rer 111 station hsi microscada iec05000663-1-en.Vsd iec...

  • Page 705

    Glass fibre plastic fibre wavelength 820-900 nm 660 nm transmitted power -13 dbm (hfbr-1414) -13 dbm (hfbr-1521) receiver sensitivity -24 dbm (hfbr-2412) -20 dbm (hfbr-2521) the lon protocol the lon protocol is specified in the lontalkprotocol specification version 3 from echelon corporation. This p...

  • Page 706

    20.4.2 multicmdrcv and multicmdsnd 20.4.2.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number multiple command and receive multicmdrcv - - multiple command and send multicmdsnd - - 20.4.2.2 application the ied provides two function bl...

  • Page 707

    Ied ied ied substation lan iec05000715-4-en.Vsd remote monitoring utility lan wan iec05000715 v4 en figure 336: spa communication structure for a remote monitoring system via a substation lan, wan and utility lan spa communication is mainly used for the station monitoring system. It can include diff...

  • Page 708

    The most important spa communication setting parameters are slaveaddress and baudrate . They are essential for all communication contact to the ied. Slaveaddress and baudrate can be set only on the local hmi for rear and front channel communication. Slaveaddress can be set to any value between 1–899...

  • Page 709

    20.6 iec 60870-5-103 communication protocol 20.6.1 application tcp/ip control center ied ied ied gateway star coupler station hsi iec05000660-4-en.Vsd iec05000660 v4 en figure 337: example of iec 60870-5-103 communication structure for a substation automation system iec 60870-5-103 communication pro...

  • Page 710

    Section 103, companion standard for the informative interface of protection equipment. 20.6.1.2 design general the protocol implementation consists of the following functions: • event handling • report of analog service values (measurands) • fault location • command handling • autorecloser on/off • ...

  • Page 711

    Function block with user defined functions in control direction, i103usercmd. These function blocks include the function type parameter for each block in the private range, and the information number parameter for each output signal. Status for more information on the function blocks below, refer to...

  • Page 712

    Function block with defined functions for autorecloser indications in monitor direction, i103ar. This block includes the function type parameter, and the information number parameter is defined for each output signal. Measurands the measurands can be included as type 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and type 9 ac...

  • Page 713

    20.6.2.1 settings for rs485 and optical serial communication general settings spa, dnp and iec 60870-5-103 can be configured to operate on the slm optical serial port while dnp and iec 60870-5-103 additionally can utilize the rs485 port. A single protocol can be active on a given physical port at an...

  • Page 714

    The general settings for iec 60870-5-103 communication are the following: • slaveaddress and baudrate : settings for slave number and communication speed (baud rate). The slave number can be set to any value between 1 and 254. The communication speed, can be set either to 9600 bits/s or 19200 bits/s...

  • Page 715

    Input. The user must set these parameters to whatever he connects to the corresponding input. Refer to description of main function type set on the local hmi. Recorded analog channels are sent with asdu26 and asdu31. One information element in these asdus is called acc, and it indicates the actual c...

  • Page 716

    Dra#-input acc iec 60870-5-103 meaning 32 87 private range 33 88 private range 34 89 private range 35 90 private range 36 91 private range 37 92 private range 38 93 private range 39 94 private range 40 95 private range 20.6.3 function and information types product type iec103mainfuntype value commen...

  • Page 717

    For more information, refer to iec standard iec 60870-5-103. 20.7 dnp3 communication protocol 20.7.1 application for more information on the application and setting guidelines for the dnp3 communication protocol refer to the dnp3 communication protocol manual. 1mrk 502 071-uen - section 20 station c...

  • Page 718

    712.

  • Page 719

    Section 21 remote communication 21.1 binary signal transfer 21.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number binary signal transfer, receive binsignrec1_1 binsignrec1_2 binsignreceive2 - - binary signal transfer, 2mbit receive...

  • Page 720

    Ied-a ied-b ied-c iec16000077-1-en.Vsd 3-end differential protection with two communication links ldcm312 ldcm312 ldcm313 ldcm312 iec16000077 v1 en figure 339: three-end differential protection with two communication links if the ldcm is in 2mbit mode, you can send the three local currents as well a...

  • Page 721

    Ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm en06000519-2.Vsd iec06000519 v2 en figure 340: direct fibre optical connection between two ieds with ldcm the ldcm can also be used together with an external optical to galvanic g.703 converter as shown i...

  • Page 722

    The corresponding ldcm to channel mode blocked . If outofservice is selected, the ied should have active communication to the remote end during the whole maintenance process, that is, no restart or removal of the fibre can be done. This setting does not apply to two-end communication. Blocked ied do...

  • Page 723

    Using echo in this case is safe only if there is no risk of varying transmission asymmetry. Gpssyncerr : when gps synchronization is lost, synchronization of the line differential function continues for 16 s based on the stability in the local ied clocks. After that, setting block blocks the line di...

  • Page 724

    • one of the two possible local currents is transmitted • sum of the two local currents is transmitted • channel is used as a redundant backup channel 1½ breaker arrangement has two local currents, and the current transformer (ct) earthing for those can differ. Ct-sum transmits the sum of the two ct...

  • Page 725

    Section 22 security 22.1 authority status athstat 22.1.1 application authority status (athstat) function is an indication function block, which informs about two events related to the ied and the user authorization: • the fact that at least one user has tried to log on wrongly into the ied and it wa...

  • Page 726

    Events are also generated: • whenever any setting in the ied is changed. The internal events are time tagged with a resolution of 1 ms and stored in a list. The list can store up to 40 events. The list is based on the fifo principle, that is, when it is full, the oldest event is overwritten. The lis...

  • Page 727

    When chnglck has a logical one on its input, then all attempts to modify the ied configuration and setting will be denied and the message "error: changes blocked" will be displayed on the local hmi; in pcm600 the message will be "operation denied by active changelock". The chnglck function should be...

  • Page 728

    722.

  • Page 729

    Section 23 basic ied functions 23.1 ied identifiers terminalid 23.1.1 application ied identifiers (terminalid) function allows the user to identify the individual ied in the system, not only in the substation, but in a whole region or a country. Use only characters a-z, a-z and 0-9 in station, objec...

  • Page 730

    Changed by the customer. They can only be viewed. The settings are found in the local hmi under main menu/diagnostics/ied status/product identifiers the following identifiers are available: • iedprodtype • describes the type of the ied. Example: rel670 • productdef • describes the release number fro...

  • Page 731

    23.3.2 application the current and voltage measurements functions (cvmmxn, cmmxu, vmmxu and vnmmxu), current and voltage sequence measurement functions (cmsqi and vmsqi) and iec 61850 generic communication i/o functions (mvgapc) are provided with measurement supervision functionality. All measured v...

  • Page 732

    23.4.2 setting guidelines the setting activesetgrp , is used to select which parameter group to be active. The active group can also be selected with configured input to the function block setgrps. The length of the pulse, sent out by the output signal setchgd when an active group has changed, is se...

  • Page 733

    23.6.2 setting guidelines the summation block receives the three-phase signals from smai blocks. The summation block has several settings. Summationtype : summation type ( group 1 + group 2 , group 1 - group 2 , group 2 - group 1 or –(group 1 + group 2) ). Dftreference : the reference dft block ( in...

  • Page 734

    Sbase : standard apparent power value to be used as a base value for applicable functions throughout the ied, typically sbase =√3· ubase · ibase . 23.8 signal matrix for binary inputs smbi 23.8.1 application the signal matrix for binary inputs function smbi is used within the application configurati...

  • Page 735

    23.10.1 application the signal matrix for ma inputs function smmi is used within the application configuration tool in direct relation with the signal matrix tool. Smmi represents the way milliamp (ma) inputs are brought in for one ied configuration. 23.10.2 setting guidelines there are no setting p...

  • Page 736

    Smai1 block dftspfc revrot ^grp1l1 ^grp1l2 ^grp1l3 ^grp1n spfcout g1ai3p g1ai1 g1ai2 g1ai4 g1n neutral phasel3 phasel2 phasel1 ul1l2 saptof u3p* block blktrip trip start blkdmagn freq trm_40.Ch7(u) saptof(1)_trip ec10000060-3-en.Vsdx iec10000060 v3 en figure 342: connection example the above describ...

  • Page 737

    Application functions should be connected to a smai block with same task cycle as the application function, except for e.G. Measurement functions that run in slow cycle tasks. Dftrefextout : parameter valid only for function block smai1 . Reference block for external output (spfcout function output)...

  • Page 738

    Measurement functions (cvmmxn, cmmxu,vmmxu, etc.) which shall be fed by preprocessing blocks with cycle 8. When two or more preprocessing blocks are used to feed one protection function (e.G. Over-power function goppdop), it is of outmost importance that parameter setting dftreference has the same s...

  • Page 739

    Iec07000197.Vsd smai instance 3 phase group smai1:1 1 smai2:2 2 smai3:3 3 smai4:4 4 smai5:5 5 smai6:6 6 smai7:7 7 smai8:8 8 smai9:9 9 smai10:10 10 smai11:11 11 smai12:12 12 task time group 1 smai instance 3 phase group smai1:13 1 smai2:14 2 smai3:15 3 smai4:16 4 smai5:17 5 smai6:18 6 smai7:19 7 smai...

  • Page 740

    Iec07000198-2-en.Vsd smai1:1 block dftspfc ^grp1l1 ^grp1l2 ^grp1l3 ^grp1n spfcout ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain smai1:13 block dftspfc ^grp1l1 ^grp1l2 ^grp1l3 ^grp1n spfcout ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain smai1:25 block dftspfc ^grp1l1 ^grp1l2 ^grp1l3 ^grp1n spfcout ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain iec07000198 v3 en f...

  • Page 741

    Iec07000199-2-en.Vsd smai1:13 block dftspfc ^grp1l1 ^grp1l2 ^grp1l3 ^grp1n spfcout ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain smai1:1 block dftspfc ^grp1l1 ^grp1l2 ^grp1l3 ^grp1n spfcout ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain smai1:25 block dftspfc ^grp1l1 ^grp1l2 ^grp1l3 ^grp1n spfcout ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain iec07000199 v3 en f...

  • Page 742

    23.12 test mode functionality testmode 23.12.1 application the protection and control ieds may have a complex configuration with many included functions. To make the testing procedure easier, the ieds include the feature that allows individual blocking of a single-, several-, or all functions. This ...

  • Page 743

    When the setting operation is set to off , the behavior is set to off and it is not possible to override it. When a behavior of a function is off the function will not execute. When iec 61850 mod of a function is set to off or blocked , the start led on the lhmi will be set to flashing to indicate t...

  • Page 744

    Time-tagging of internal events and disturbances are an excellent help when evaluating faults. Without time synchronization, only the events within one ied can be compared with each other. With time synchronization, events and disturbances within the whole network, can be compared and evaluated. In ...

  • Page 745

    Ieee 1588 (ptp) ptp according to ieee 1588-2008 and specifically its profile iec/ieee 61850-9-3 for power utility automation is a synchronization method that can be used to maintain a common time within a station. This time can be synchronized to the global time using, for instance, a gps receiver. ...

  • Page 746

    Coarsesyncsrc which can have the following values: • off • spa • lon • dnp • iec 60870-5-103 the function input to be used for minute-pulse synchronization is called bininput. For a description of the bininput settings, see the technical manual . The system time can be set manually, either via the l...

  • Page 747

    Iec16000093-1-en.Vsdx iec16000093 v1 en figure 346: enabling ptp in ect setting example 9-2 rec ptp ptp station bus gps sam600-ts sam600-ct sam600-vt ptp ptp 9-2 ptp rel mu gtm pps iec16000167-1-en.Vsdx 9-2 9-2 9-2 process bus iec16000167 v1 en figure 347: example system figure 347 describes an exam...

  • Page 748

    On all access points, the ptp parameter is “ on ”. On the rel, the parameter finesyncsource (under configuration/time/ synchronization/timesynchgen:1/general ) is set to “ gps ” if there is a gps antenna attached. If the gtm is used as a pps output only, the finesynchsource is not set. 23.13.2.3 pro...

  • Page 749

    Section 24 requirements 24.1 current transformer requirements the performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of the measured current signal. Saturation of the current transformers (cts) will cause distortion of the current signals and can result in a failure to operate or cause ...

  • Page 750

    In power system protection, is the first official document that highlighted this development. So far remanence factors of maximum 80% have been considered when ct requirements have been decided for abb ieds. Even in the future this level of remanent flux probably will be the maximum level that will ...

  • Page 751

    No information is available about how frequent the use of the new iron core material is for protection ct cores, but it is known that some ct manufacturers are using the new material while other manufacturers continue to use the old traditional core material for protection ct cores. In a case where ...

  • Page 752

    Margin. Fully asymmetrical fault current will be achieved when the fault occurs at approximately zero voltage (0°). Investigations have shown that 95% of the faults in the network will occur when the voltage is between 40° and 90°. In addition fully asymmetrical fault current will not exist in all p...

  • Page 753

    Are to be detected with the selected ct ratio. It should also be verified that the maximum possible fault current is within the limits of the ied. The current error of the current transformer can limit the possibility to use a very sensitive setting of a sensitive residual overcurrent protection. If...

  • Page 754

    In ied the generator differential and the transformer differential functions have the same ct requirements. According to the manual the cts must have a rated equivalent limiting secondary e.M.F. E al that is larger than or equal to the maximum of the required rated equivalent limiting secondary e.M....

  • Page 755

    Calculation example 1 verify that the existing cts fulfil the requirements for the reg670 generator differential protection in the following application. ~ gdp ext fault ct1 ct2 i tf i tf iec11000215-1-en.Vsd iec11000215 v1 en figure 348: generator data: rated apparent power: 90 mva rated voltage: 1...

  • Page 756

    = = = k al e 200 e 250 v 0.8 0.8 equation2531 v2 en (equation 286) the rated current of the generator and the fault current for a three phase external short circuit must be calculated. = = = × × n ng n s 90 i 3.25 ka 3 u 3 16 equation2532 v2 en (equation 287) = = = ng tf g i 3.25 i 13.0 ka x 0.25 eq...

  • Page 757

    = = = × × n ng n s 90 i 3.25 ka 3 u 3 16 equation2532 v2 en (equation 291) = = = ng tf g i 3.25 i 13.0 ka x 0.25 equation2533 v2 en (equation 292) we decide that ct1 and ct2 shall be equal (not necessary according to the requirements). The ct ratio is decided to 4000/1 a and the burden is the same a...

  • Page 758

    ( ) ³ = + 142 alf 17.8 3 5 equation2540 v2 en (equation 297) cts with the following data will fulfil the requirements for the generator differential protection in this application: • class 5p20 (5p18), 5 va and r ct it shall be noted that even if the rated burden of this ct is specified to 5 va it i...

  • Page 759

    24.1.6.2 transformer differential protection the current transformers must have a rated equivalent limiting secondary e.M.F. E al that is larger than the maximum of the required rated equivalent limiting secondary e.M.F. E alreq below: sr r al alreq rt ct l 2 pr r i s e e 30 i r r i i æ ö ³ = × × × ...

  • Page 760

    24.1.6.3 breaker failure protection the cts must have a rated equivalent limiting secondary e.M.F. E al that is larger than or equal to the required rated equivalent limiting secondary e.M.F. E alreq below: sr r al alreq op ct l 2 pr r i s e e 5 i r r i i æ ö ³ = × × × + + ç ÷ è ø equation1380 v2 en...

  • Page 761

    Where: i rt the rated primary current of the power transformer (a) i etf maximum primary fundamental frequency phase-to-earth fault current that passes the cts and the power transformer neutral (a) i pr the rated primary ct current (a) i sr the rated secondary ct current (a) i r the rated current of...

  • Page 762

    I r the rated current of the protection ied (a) r ct the secondary resistance of the ct (Ω) r l the resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (Ω). The loop resistance containing the phase and neutral wires shall be used. S r the burden of a rex670 current input channel (va). S r = 0.020 v...

  • Page 763

    Where: i f maximum primary fundamental frequency three-phase fault current that passes the cts (a) r l the resistance of the secondary wire and additional load (Ω). The loop resistance containing the phase and neutral wires shall be used. 24.1.7 current transformer requirements for cts according to ...

  • Page 764

    24.1.7.3 current transformers according to ansi/ieee current transformers according to ansi/ieee are partly specified in different ways. A rated secondary terminal voltage u ansi is specified for a ct of class c. U ansi is the secondary terminal voltage the ct will deliver to a standard burden at 20...

  • Page 765

    The capacitive voltage transformers (cvts) should fulfill the requirements according to the iec 61869-5 standard regarding ferro-resonance and transients. The ferro- resonance requirements of the cvts are specified in chapter 6.502 of the standard. The transient responses for three different standar...

  • Page 766

    During disturbed conditions, the trip security function can cope with high bit error rates up to 10 -5 or even up to 10 -4 . The trip security can be configured to be independent of comfail from the differential protection communication supervision, or blocked when comfail is issued after receive er...

  • Page 767

    This part of the iec 61850 is specifying “communication service mapping (scsm) – sampled values over iso/iec 8802”, in other words – sampled data over ethernet. The 9-2 part of the iec 61850 protocol uses also definitions from 7-2, “basic communication structure for substation and feeder equipment –...

  • Page 768

    762.

  • Page 769

    Section 25 glossary ac alternating current acc actual channel act application configuration tool within pcm600 a/d converter analog-to-digital converter adbs amplitude deadband supervision adm analog digital conversion module, with time synchronization ai analog input ansi american national standard...

  • Page 770

    Ccitt consultative committee for international telegraph and telephony. A united nations-sponsored standards body within the international telecommunications union. Ccm can carrier module ccvt capacitive coupled voltage transformer class c protection current transformer class as per ieee/ ansi cmpps...

  • Page 771

    Dhcp dynamic host configuration protocol dip-switch small switch mounted on a printed circuit board di digital input dllb dead line live bus dnp distributed network protocol as per ieee std 1815-2012 dr disturbance recorder dram dynamic random access memory drh disturbance report handler dsp digital...

  • Page 772

    Gde graphical display editor within pcm600 gi general interrogation command gis gas-insulated switchgear goose generic object-oriented substation event gps global positioning system gsal generic security application gse generic substation event hdlc protocol high-level data link control, protocol ba...

  • Page 773

    I-gis intelligent gas-insulated switchgear iom binary input/output module instance when several occurrences of the same function are available in the ied, they are referred to as instances of that function. One instance of a function is identical to another of the same kind but has a different numbe...

  • Page 774

    Ncc national control centre nof number of grid faults num numerical module oco cycle open-close-open cycle ocp overcurrent protection oem optical ethernet module oltc on-load tap changer otev disturbance data recording initiated by other event than start/pick-up ov overvoltage overreach a term used ...

  • Page 775

    Rs485 serial link according to eia standard rs485 rtc real-time clock rtu remote terminal unit sa substation automation sbo select-before-operate sc switch or push button to close scl short circuit location scs station control system scada supervision, control and data acquisition sct system configu...

  • Page 776

    4.2bsd unix. Tcp/ip was developed by darpa for internet working and encompasses both network layer and transport layer protocols. While tcp and ip specify two protocols at specific protocol layers, tcp/ip is often used to refer to the entire us department of defense protocol suite based upon these, ...

  • Page 777

    X.21 a digital signalling interface primarily used for telecom equipment 3i o three times zero-sequence current.Often referred to as the residual or the earth-fault current 3u o three times the zero sequence voltage. Often referred to as the residual voltage or the neutral point voltage 1mrk 502 071...

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    772.

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    773.

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    — abb ab grid automation products 721 59 västerås, sweden phone: +46 (0) 21 32 50 00 abb.Com/protection-control © copyright 2017 abb. All rights reserved. Specifications subject to change without notice. 1mrk 502 0 71-uen.