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- Operating instructions manual
Vega VEGABAR 66 Operating instructions manual
Summary of VEGABAR 66
Page 1
Operating instructions suspension pressure transmitter with certec ® measuring cell vegabar 66 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated document id: 36738.
Page 2: Contents
2 contents vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 contents 1 about this document 1.1 function ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 target group .......................................
Page 3
3 contents vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 7.1 connect the pc via vegaconnect ............................................................................ 45 7.2 parameter adjustment with pactware ........................................................................
Page 4: 1 About This Document
4 1 about this document vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 1 about this document 1.1 function this operating instructions manual provides all the information you need for mounting, connection and setup as well as important instruc- tionsformaintenanceandfaultrectificat...
Page 5: 2 For Your Safety
5 2 for your safety vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 2 for your safety 2.1 authorised personnel all operations described in this operating instructions manual must be carried out only by trained specialist personnel authorised by the plant operator. During work on an...
Page 6
6 2 for your safety vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 2.6 ce conformity thisdevicefulfillsthelegalrequirementsoftheapplicableecguide- lines.Byattachingthecemark,vegaprovidesaconfirmationof successfultesting.Youcanfindthececonformitydeclarationinthe downloadareaof"www....
Page 7: 3 Product Description
7 3 product description vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 3 product description 3.1 configuration the scope of delivery encompasses: • vegabar 66 pressure transmitter with suspension cable • strainingclamp(optionallyavailablewithscrewedfitting) • external electronics ...
Page 8
8 3 product description vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 fig. 1: example of a vegabar 66 with suspension cable (left) and connection tube (right) 1 housing with integrated electronics 2 suspension cable 3 connection tube 4 threaded fitting 5 transmitter...
Page 9
9 3 product description vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 2 1 13 10 5 4 3 6 7 8 9 11 12 14 fig. 2: layout of the type label (example) 1 instrument type 2 product code 3 approvals 4 electronics 5 protection rating 6 measuring range 7 process and ambient temperature, pr...
Page 10
10 3 product description vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 instrumentswithhygienicfittingareequippedwithagap-freeform seal. 4 … 20 ma/hart two-wire electronics for voltage supply and meas- ured value transmission on the same cable. Thesupplyvoltagerangecandifferdepend...
Page 11
11 3 product description vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 • dry and dust free • not exposed to corrosive media • protected against solar radiation • avoiding mechanical shock and vibration • storageandtransporttemperatureseechapter"supplement - technical data - ambie...
Page 12: 4 Mounting
12 4 mounting vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 4 mounting 4.1 general instructions make sure that all parts of the instrument coming in direct contact with the process, especially the sensor element, process seal and processfitting,aresuitablefortheexistingprocesscon...
Page 13
13 4 mounting vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 fig. 4: position of the filter element 1 filter element 2 blind plug caution: duetothefiltereffect,thepressurecompensationistimedelayed. When opening/closing the housing cover quickly, the measured value ...
Page 14
14 4 mounting vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 fig. 5: mounting example: version with connection tube in an open vessel fig. 6: mounting example: version with suspension cable in a pump shaft.
Page 15
15 4 mounting vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 4.3 mounting steps with straining clamp 2 3 1 fig. 7: straining clamp 1 suspension cable 2 suspension opening 3 clamping jaws mount vegabar 66 with straining clamp as follows: 1. Hang the straining clamp on a suitable wa...
Page 16
16 4 mounting vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 mount vegabar 66 with screwed connection as follows: 1. Weld the welded socket into the vessel top 2. Lower vegabar 66 to the requested height by means on the welded socket g1½ or 1½ npt on the vessel side 3. Insert the ...
Page 17
17 4 mounting vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 3. Turnthelockfittingonthelowerhexagonintotheweldedsocket. Usearesistantseal.Spannerwidthsw41,torquemax.80nm. 4. Adjust the connection tube of vegabar 66 to the requested height and hold it 5. Turn the upper hexagon into...
Page 18
18 4 mounting vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 2. Insert the transmitter with connection tube or suspension cable into the opening of the mounting bracket and counter nut 3. Fasten counter nut with sw 46 on the thread removal is carried out in reverse order. 4.7 moun...
Page 19
19 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 5 connecting to power supply 5.1 preparing the connection always keep in mind the following safety instructions: • connect only in the complete absence of line voltage • if overvoltage surges are expect...
Page 20
20 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 housing.Thiswouldinfluencethestabilityoftheconnectionandthe tightness of the housing. If screened cable is necessary, connect the cable screen on both ends to ground potential. In the sensor, the screen...
Page 21
21 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 8. Press down the opening levers of the terminals, you will hear the terminal spring closing 9. Check the hold of the wires in the terminals by lightly pulling on them 10. Connect the screen to the inte...
Page 22
22 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 3 2 1 fig. 13: components of the external housing 1 screws 2 wall mounting plate 3 cable gland 3. Loop the connection cable through the cable entry on the housing base 2) information: the cable gland ca...
Page 23
23 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 i²c display 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4 1 2 fig. 14: electronics and connection compartment, single chamber housing 1 plug connector for vegaconnect (i²c interface) 2 spring-loaded terminals for connection of the e...
Page 24
24 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 1 3 2 display 1 2 5 6 7 8 i2c fig. 16: electronics compartment, double chamber housing 1 plug connector for vegaconnect (i²c interface) 2 internal connection cable to the connection compartment 3 termin...
Page 25
25 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 i2c 1 1 2 fig. 18: wiring plan, double chamber housing 1 voltage supply, signal output 5.5 wiring plan, double chamber housing ex d 1 3 2 display 1 2 5 6 7 8 i2c fig. 19: electronics compartment, double...
Page 26
26 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 1 2 1 2 fig. 20: connection compartment, ex-d double chamber housing 1 spring-loaded terminals for power supply and cable screen 2 ground terminal for connection of the cable screen 1 1 2 fig. 21: wirin...
Page 27
27 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 5.7 wiring plan, external housing with version ip 68 fig. 23: vegabar 66 in ip 68 version 25 bar, non-ex and axial cable outlet, external housing overview.
Page 28
28 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 5 6 7 8 1 2 displa y i²c 2 1 5 4 3 fig. 24: electronics and connection compartment 1 spring-loaded terminals for voltage supply 2 ground terminal for connection of the cable screen 3 cable gland to the ...
Page 29
29 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 1 2 3 4 6 3 4 1 2 5 fig. 25: connection of the sensor in the housing socket 1 brown 2 blue 3 yellow 4 white 5 shielding 6 breather capillaries i2c display 1 1 2 5 6 7 8 fig. 26: wiring plan external ele...
Page 30
30 5 connecting to power supply vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 then the corresponding current is outputted to the cable (the value corresponds to the actual level as well as the settings already carried out, e.G. Factory setting)..
Page 31: Module Plicscom
31 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom 6.1 short description the display and adjustment module is used for measured value display, adjustment and diagnosis....
Page 32
32 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 fig. 27: insert display and adjustment module note: ifyouintendtoretrofittheinstrumentwithadisplayandadjustment module for continuous measured value indication, a higher cove...
Page 33
33 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 – save value • [->] key to select: – menu change – select list entry – select editing position • [+] key: – change value of the parameter • [esc] key: – interrupt input – jum...
Page 34
34 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 information: the steps 1, 3 and 4 are not necessary for instruments which are alreadypresetaccordingtocustomerspecifications! Youcanfindthedataonthetypelabelontheinstrumentor...
Page 35
35 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 4. Confirmwith[ok],thesubmenu"density unit"appears. Unitofmeasurement density unit ▶ kg/dm³ pcf 5. Select the requested unit, e.G. Kg/dm³ with [->]andconfirmwith [ok],thesubm...
Page 36
36 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 4. Set the requested mbar value with [+] and [->]. 5. Confirmwith[+] and move to max. Adjustment with [->]. Themin.Adjustmentisfinished. Information: foranadjustmentwithfilli...
Page 37
37 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 inthemenuitems"zero"and"span"youdeterminethespanofthe sensor, the span corresponds to the end value. Information: the steps 1, 3 and 4 are not necessary for instruments which...
Page 38
38 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 unit unitofmeasurement bar ▼ temperature unit °c ▼ 3. Activate the selection with [ok]andselect"units of measure- ment with [->]. 4. Activate the selection with [ok] and sele...
Page 39
39 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 information: thezeroadjustmentshiftsthevalueofthespanadjustment.The span,i.E.Thedifferencebetweenthesevalues,however,remains unchanged. Information: for an adjustment with pr...
Page 40
40 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 caution: note the following if the vegabar 66 with corresponding approval is usedaspartofanoverfillprotectionsystemaccordingtowhg(water resources act): ifalinearizationcurvei...
Page 41
41 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 basic adjustment the"reset""basic adjustment"resetsthevaluesofthefollowing menu items: menu section function resetvalue basic settings zero/min. Adjustment measuring range be...
Page 42
42 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 itemsintheoperatinginstructionsmanual"display and adjustment module". 6.5 menu schematic information: depending on the version and application, the highlighted menu windows m...
Page 43
43 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 diagnostics basic adjustment 3 display ▶ diagnostics service info peak value 3.1 p-min.: -5.8 mbar p-max.: 167.5 mbar t-min.: -12.5 °c t-max.: +85.5 °c sensor status 3.2 ok t...
Page 44
44 6 set up with the display and adjustment module plicscom vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 6.10 saving the parameter adjustment data we recommended noting the adjusted data, e.G. In this operating instructions manual, and archiving them afterwards. They are thus av...
Page 45: Adjustment Programs
45 7 set up with pactware and other adjustment programs vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 7 set up with pactware and other adjustment programs 7.1 connectthepcviavegaconnect 3 1 2 fig. 29: connection of the pc via vegaconnect directly to the sensor 1 usb cable to the ...
Page 46
46 7 set up with pactware and other adjustment programs vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 1 2 4 3 op en twist u sb lock fig. 31: connecting the pc via hart to the signal cable 1 vegabar 66 2 hart resistance 250 Ω (optional depending on processing) 3 connection cable w...
Page 47
47 7 set up with pactware and other adjustment programs vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 7.3 parameter adjustment with ams™ and pdm for vega sensors, instrument descriptions for the adjustment programs ams™ and pdm are available as dd or edd. The instru- ment descrip...
Page 48
48 8maintenanceandfaultrectification vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 8 maintenanceandfaultrectification 8.1 maintain if the instrument is used properly, no special maintenance is required in normal operation. Insomeapplications,productbuilduponthediaphragmcaninfluen...
Page 49
49 8maintenanceandfaultrectification vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 error code cause rectification 4 … 20 ma signal not stable levelfluctuations – set the integration time via the display and adjustment module or pactware no atmospheric pres- sure compensation – ch...
Page 50
50 8maintenanceandfaultrectification vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 f perf =√((f t ) 2 + (f kl ) 2 (+ f a ) 2 ) with: • f total : total deviation • f perf : basic accuracy • f stab : long-term drift • f t :temperaturecoefficient(influenceofmediumorambient temperatu...
Page 51
51 8maintenanceandfaultrectification vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 total deviation analogue output signal absolute: f total = 2.13 % x 147 bar/100 % = 3.13 mbar = 31.92 mm 8.4 exchanging the electronics module in case of a defect, the electronics module can be exc...
Page 52
52 8maintenanceandfaultrectification vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 data and displays the actual hardware and software version of the sensor. This takes approximately 60 s. Pushthebutton"update software"andselectthepreviouslyextracted hexfile.Thenthesoftwareupdatec...
Page 53: 9 Dismounting
53 9 dismounting vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 9 dismounting 9.1 dismounting steps warning: before dismounting, be aware of dangerous process conditions such as e.G. Pressure in the vessel, high temperatures, corrosive or toxic products etc. Takenoteofchapters"mou...
Page 54: 10 Supplement
54 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 10 supplement 10.1 technical data general data measured variable level measuring principle ceramic-capacitive, dry measuring cell communication interface i²c bus materials and weights material 316l corresponds to 1.44...
Page 55
55 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 Ʋ ohmic contact betweengroundterminal,processfittingandtransmitter Ʋ connection cable between ip 68 housing and external electronics pur,fep,pe Ʋ type label support with ip 68 version on cable pe hard weight approx. Ʋ...
Page 56
56 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 dead time ≤150ms rise time ≤100ms(10…90%) step response time ≤250ms(ti:0s,10…90%) damping (63 % of the input variable) 0 … 999 s, adjustable additional output parameter - temperature processingismadeviaoutputsignalhar...
Page 57
57 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 thespecificationsareonlyanoverviewandrefertothemeasuringcell.Limitationsduetothema- terialandversionoftheprocessfittingarepossible.Thespecificationsonthenameplateapply. Nominalrange overload capacity, max. Pressure ov...
Page 58
58 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 nominalmeasuringrange in bar/kpa nominalmeasuring range in psig average temperature co- efficientofthezerosignal and the output span, in the compensated temper- ature range 0 … +100 °c (+32…+212°f),refer- ence tempera...
Page 59
59 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 ambient conditions ambient, storage and transport temperature Ʋ version with connection tube -40 … +80 °c (-40 … +176 °f) Ʋ version with suspension cable fep, pur -20 … +80 °c (-4 … +176 °f) Ʋ version with suspension ...
Page 60
60 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 vibration resistance mechanicalvibrationswith4gand5…100hz 16) with version with connection tube, vibration resistance 1 g. With lengths > 0.5 m (1.64 ft) the tube must be supported in addition. Shock resistance accele...
Page 61
61 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 Ʋ tensile strength > 1200 n (270 pounds force) Ʋ standard length 5 m (16.4 ft) Ʋ max. Length 1000 m (3281 ft) Ʋ min. Bending radius at 25 °c/77 °f 25 mm (0.985 in) Ʋ diameter approx. 8 mm (0.315 in) Ʋ colour - non-ex ...
Page 62
62 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 material Ʋ housing abs Ʋ inspection window polyester foil voltage supply operating voltage Ʋ non-ex instrument 12 … 36 v dc Ʋ ex-ia instrument 12 … 30 v dc Ʋ exd instrument 18 … 36 v dc operating voltage with illumina...
Page 63
63 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 protection class ii approvals instrumentswithapprovalscanhavedifferenttechnicaldatadependingontheversion. For that reason the associated approval documents of these instruments have to be carefully noted. They are par...
Page 64
64 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 aluminium housing in protection rating ip 66/ip 68, 1 bar 120 mm (4.72" ) ~ 105 mm (4.13") 116 mm (4.57" ) ~ 150 mm (5.91") ø 84 mm (3.31") ø 84 mm (3.31") m20x1,5/ ½ npt m16x1,5 2 m20x1,5 m20x1,5 1 1 single chamber v...
Page 65
65 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 external housing with version ip 68 1 2 65 mm (2.68") 68 mm (2.68 ") 92 mm (3.62 ") 42mm (1.65") 40mm (1.57") ~ 66 mm (2.60") 59 mm (2.3 2 ") 110 mm x 90 mm (4.33" x 3.54") fig. 40: ip 68 version with external housing...
Page 66
66 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 vegabar66,standardversion 1 2 3 4 5 175 mm (6 57 / 64 ") 52 mm (2 3 / 64 ") 132 mm (5 13 / 64 ") ø 8 mm ( 5 / 16 ") ø 21,3 mm ( 27 / 32 ") ø 44 mm (1 47 / 64 ") ø 40 mm (1 37 / 64 ") 48-52 mm (1 57 / 64 " - 2 3 / 64 "...
Page 67
67 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 vegabar66,transmitter32mm 1 2 3 4 5 175 mm (6 57 / 64 ") 52 mm (2 3 / 64 ") 178 mm (7 1 / 64 ") ø 8 mm ( 5 / 16 ") ø 21,3 mm ( 27 / 32 ") ø 32 mm (1 17 / 64 ") 48-52 mm (1 57 / 64 " - 2 3 / 64 ") 22 mm ( 55 / 64 ") 14...
Page 68
68 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 vegabar66,pvdfversion 1 2 l l 20 mm ( 25 / 32 ") 22 mm ( 55 / 64 ") 40 mm (1 37 / 64 ") sw 46 mm (1 13 / 16 ") g1½a / 1½”npt sw 46 mm (1 13 / 16 ") g1½a / 1½”npt fig. 44: vegabar 66, pvdf version 1 with threaded fitti...
Page 69
69 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 vegabar66,flangeconnection 2 43 / 64 " 3 15 / 32 " 4 1 / 64 " 5 7 / 16 " 6 3 / 8 " 3 5 / 64 " 5 / 64 " 5 / 64 " 1 / 8 " 1 / 8 " 1 / 8 " 1 / 8 " 4xø 35 / 64 " 4xø 45 / 64 " 4xø 45 / 64 " 4xø 45 / 64 " 8xø 45 / 64 " 8xø...
Page 70
70 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 vegabar66,hygienicfittings ø 78 mm (3 5 / 64 ") ø 92 mm (3 5 / 8 ") 51 mm (2 1 / 64 ") l 51 mm (2 1 / 64 ") l ø 64 mm (2 33 / 64 ") ø 40 mm (1 37 / 64 ") ø 8 mm ( 5 / 16 ") 132 mm (5 13 / 64 ") 1 2 fig. 46: vegabar 66...
Page 71
71 10 supplement vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 10.3 industrial property rights vega product lines are global protected by industrial property rights. Further information see www.Vega.Com. Only in u.S.A.: further information see patent label at the sensor housing. ...
Page 72: Index
72 index vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321 index a accessories – display and adjustment module 11 – external display and adjustment unit 11 – flanges 11 – interface adapter 11 – measuring instrument holder 11 – protective cover 11 c cable entry 19 cable screening 20 c...
Page 73
73 notes vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321.
Page 74
74 notes vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321.
Page 75
75 notes vegabar 66 • 4 … 20 ma/hart - climate compensated 36738-en-130321.
Page 76
Printing date: vega grieshaber kg am hohenstein 113 77761 schiltach germany 36738-en-130321 all statements concerning scope of delivery, application, practical use and operat- ing conditions of the sensors and processing systems correspond to the information available at the time of printing. Subjec...