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ABB Relion 670 series Applications Manual

Manual is about: Transformer protection

Summary of Relion 670 series

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    Relion® 670 series — line distance protection rel670 version 2.2 ansi application manual.

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    Document id: 1mrk 506 369-uus issued: may 2017 revision: - product version: 2.2 © copyright 2017 abb. All rights reserved.

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    Copyright this document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written permission from abb, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party, nor used for any unauthorized purpose. The software and hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and...

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    Disclaimer the data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the concept or product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of guaranteed properties. All persons responsible for applying the equipment addressed in this manual must satisfy themselves that each intende...

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    Conformity this product complies with the directive of the council of the european communities on the approximation of the laws of the member states relating to electromagnetic compatibility (emc directive 2004/108/ec) and concerning electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits (low-...

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    Table of contents section 1 introduction..........................................................................29 this manual............................................................................................ 29 intended audience..............................................................

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    Example 3.....................................................................................70 examples on how to connect, configure and set ct inputs for most commonly used ct connections..........................................73 example on how to connect a wye connected three-phase ct set to t...

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    Identification.................................................................................... 113 application....................................................................................... 114 operation principle.......................................................................... ...

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    Parallel line application with mutual coupling............................. 163 tapped line application...............................................................170 series compensation in power systems..................................... 173 challenges in protection of series compensated and a...

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    Setting guidelines............................................................................ 241 general.......................................................................................241 setting of zone 1.........................................................................242 setting o...

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    Full-scheme distance protection, quadrilateral for earth faults zmmpdis (21), zmmapdis (21)......................................................... 278 identification.................................................................................... 278 application....................................

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    Identification.................................................................................... 309 application....................................................................................... 309 system grounding.......................................................................309 fau...

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    Minimum operate currents..........................................................355 high speed distance protection zmfpdis (21).................................... 355 identification.................................................................................... 355 application...................

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    Underreaching and overreaching schemes................................413 setting guidelines............................................................................ 420 general.......................................................................................420 setting of zone 1...............

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    Identification.................................................................................... 476 application....................................................................................... 476 setting guidelines...............................................................................

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    Setting guidelines............................................................................ 524 settings for each step ................................................................524 common settings for all steps.................................................... 527 sensitive directional re...

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    Voltage-restrained overcurrent protection for generator and step-up transformer.................................................................... 565 overcurrent protection with undervoltage seal-in.......................565 section 10 voltage protection...............................................

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    Setting guidelines............................................................................ 582 recommendations for input and output signals......................... 582 settings.......................................................................................583 service value report...........

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    Setting guidelines............................................................................ 605 directional negative sequence overcurrent protection............... 605 negative sequence overcurrent protection.................................607 generator stator overload protection in accordance w...

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    Identification.................................................................................... 633 application....................................................................................... 633 synchronizing.............................................................................633 ...

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    Permanent fault and reclosing unsuccessful signal....................663 lock-out initiation........................................................................664 evolving fault.............................................................................. 665 automatic continuation of the auto ...

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    Signals from bus-coupler............................................................713 configuration setting...................................................................714 interlocking for bus-section breaker a1a2_bs (3)...........................715 application.................................

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    Identification.................................................................................... 742 application....................................................................................... 742 setting guidelines...............................................................................

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    Weak-end infeed logic................................................................763 setting guidelines............................................................................ 764 current reversal logic................................................................. 764 weak-end infeed logi...

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    Identification............................................................................... 782 application..................................................................................782 setting guidelines....................................................................... 782 carrier rec...

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    Example of directional data........................................................ 795 blocking of the function block.....................................................797 setting guidelines............................................................................ 797 trip matrix logic tmagapc....

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    Elapsed time integrator with limit transgression and overflow supervision teigapc...........................................................................809 identification.................................................................................... 809 application.............................

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    Disturbance report drprdre............................................................. 836 identification.................................................................................... 837 application....................................................................................... 837 se...

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    Redundant communication...................................................................856 identification.................................................................................... 856 application....................................................................................... 857 ...

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    Identification.................................................................................... 883 application....................................................................................... 883 communication hardware solutions........................................... 884 setting guidel...

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    Application....................................................................................... 900 setting guidelines............................................................................ 900 signal matrix for binary outputs smbo ................................................900 applicat...

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    Ptp requirements.................................................................................924 sample specification of communication requirements for the protection and control terminals in digital telecommunication networks925 section 26 glossary..................................................

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    28.

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    Section 1 introduction 1.1 this manual the application manual contains application descriptions and setting guidelines sorted per function. The manual can be used to find out when and for what purpose a typical protection function can be used. The manual can also provide assistance for calculating s...

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    1.3 product documentation 1.3.1 product documentation set iec07000220-4-en.Vsd p la n n in g & p u rc h a se e n gi n e e rin g in st a lli n g c o m m is si o n in g o p e ra tio n m ai n te n a n ce d e co m m is si o n in g d e in st a lli n g & d is p o sa l application manual operation manual i...

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    The commissioning manual contains instructions on how to commission the ied. The manual can also be used by system engineers and maintenance personnel for assistance during the testing phase. The manual provides procedures for the checking of external circuitry and energizing the ied, parameter sett...

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    1.3.3 related documents documents related to rel670 document numbers application manual 1mrk 506 369-uus commissioning manual 1mrk 506 371-uus product guide 1mrk 506 372-ben technical manual 1mrk 506 370-uus type test certificate 1mrk 506 372-tus 670 series manuals document numbers operation manual ...

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    Class 1 laser product. Take adequate measures to protect the eyes and do not view directly with optical instruments. The caution icon indicates important information or warning related to the concept discussed in the text. It might indicate the presence of a hazard which could result in corruption o...

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    • the character ^ in front of an input/output signal name indicates that the signal name may be customized using the pcm600 software. • the character * after an input signal name indicates that the signal must be connected to another function block in the application configuration to achieve a valid...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes bdcgapc swsggio bbcswi bdcgapc bdzsgapc bbs6lln0 bdzsgapc lln0 bdzsgapc bfptrc_f01 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f02 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f03 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f04 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f05 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f06 bfptrc bfptrc bfptrc_f07...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes busptrc_b1 busptrc bbsplln0 busptrc busptrc_b2 busptrc busptrc busptrc_b3 busptrc busptrc busptrc_b4 busptrc busptrc busptrc_b5 busptrc busptrc busptrc_b6 busptrc busptrc busptrc_b7 busptrc busptrc busptrc_b8 busptrc busptrc busptrc...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes bznpdif_z2 bznpdif bznpdif bznpdif_z3 bznpdif bznpdif bznpdif_z4 bznpdif bznpdif bznpdif_z5 bznpdif bznpdif bznpdif_z6 bznpdif bznpdif bznspdif_a bznspdif bzasgapc bzaspdif bznsgapc bznspdif bznspdif_b bznspdif bzbsgapc bzbspdif bzn...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes cvmmxn cvmmxn cvmmxn d2ptoc d2lln0 d2ptoc ph1ptrc d2ptoc ph1ptrc dpgapc dpggio dpgapc drprdre drprdre drprdre ecpsch ecpsch ecpsch ecrwpsch ecrwpsch ecrwpsch ef2ptoc ef2lln0 ef2ptrc ef2rdir gen2phar ph1ptoc ef2ptrc ef2rdir gen2phar ...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes l4cpdif l4clln0 l4cpdif l4cptrc lln0 l4cgapc l4cpdif l4cpsch l4cptrc l4ufcnt l4ufcnt l4ufcnt l6cpdif l6cpdif l6cgapc l6cpdif l6cphar l6cptrc lappgapc lapplln0 lapppdup lapppupf lapppdup lapppupf lccrptrc lccrptrc lccrptrc lcnsptoc l...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes ns2ptoc ns2lln0 ns2ptoc ns2ptrc ns2ptoc ns2ptrc ns4ptoc ef4lln0 ef4ptrc ef4rdir gen4phar ph1ptoc ef4ptrc ef4rdir ph1ptoc o2rwptov gen2lln0 o2rwptov ph1ptrc o2rwptov ph1ptrc oc4ptoc oc4lln0 gen4phar ph3ptoc ph3ptrc gen4phar ph3ptoc p...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes schlcch schlcch schlcch scilo scilo scilo scswi scswi scswi sdepsde sdepsde sdepsde sdeptoc sdeptov sdeptrc sesrsyn rsy1lln0 aut1rsyn man1rsyn synrsyn aut1rsyn man1rsyn synrsyn slgapc slggio slgapc smbrrec smbrrec smbrrec smpptrc sm...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes tr1atcc tr1atcc tr1atcc tr8atcc tr8atcc tr8atcc trpttr trpttr trpttr u2rwptuv gen2lln0 ph1ptrc u2rwptuv ph1ptrc u2rwptuv uv2ptuv gen2lln0 ph1ptrc uv2ptuv ph1ptrc uv2ptuv vdcptov vdcptov vdcptov vdspvc vdrfuf vdspvc vmmxu vmmxu vmmxu...

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    Function block name edition 1 logical nodes edition 2 logical nodes zmmapdis zmmapdis zmmapdis zmmpdis zmmpdis zmmpdis zmqapdis zmqapdis zmqapdis zmqpdis zmqpdis zmqpdis zmrapdis zmrapdis zmrapdis zmrpdis zmrpdis zmrpdis zmrpsb zmrpsb zmrpsb zsmgapc zsmgapc zsmgapc 1mrk 506 369-uus - section 1 intro...

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    44.

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    Section 2 application 2.1 general ied application the intelligent electronic device (ied) is used for the protection, control and monitoring of overhead lines and cables in solidly, impedance earthed or isolated networks. The ied can be used up to the high voltage levels. It is suitable for the prot...

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    The ied can be used in applications with iec/uca 61850-9-2le process bus with up to eight merging units (mu) depending on other functionality included in the ied. Each mu has eight analogue channels, normally four currents and four voltages. Conventional and merging unit channels can be mixed freely...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description line distance rel670 (customized) differential protection hzpdif 87 high impedance differential protection, single phase 0-3 ldrgfc 11re l additional security logic for differential protection 0-1 impedance protection zmqpdis, zmqapdis 21 distance...

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    2.3 back-up protection functions iec 61850 or function name ansi function description rel670 (customized) current protection phpioc 50 instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 0-3 oc4ptoc 51_67 1) directional phase overcurrent protection, four steps 0-3 efpioc 50n instantaneous residual overcurren...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description rel670 (customized) multipurpose protection cvgapc general current and voltage protection 0-4 general calculation smaihpac multipurpose filter 0-6 1) 67 requires voltage 2) 67n requires voltage 2.4 control and monitoring functions iec 61850 or fun...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description line distance rel670 (customized) i103poscmd ied commands with position and select for iec 60870-5-103 50 i103poscmdv ied direct commands with position for iec 60870-5-103 50 i103iedcmd ied commands for iec 60870-5-103 1 i103usrcmd function comman...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description line distance rel670 (customized) btigapc boolean to integer conversion with logical node representation, 16 bit 16 ib16 integer to boolean 16 conversion 18 itbgapc integer to boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation 16 teigapc elapsed...

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    Table 4: number of function instances in apc10 function name function description total number of instances scilo interlocking 10 bb_es 3 a1a2_bs 2 a1a2_dc 3 abc_bc 1 bh_conn 1 bh_line_a 1 bh_line_b 1 db_bus_a 1 db_bus_b 1 db_line 1 abc_line 1 ab_trafo 1 scswi switch controller 10 sxswi circuit swit...

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    Table 5: number of function instances in apc15 function name function description total number of instances scilo interlocking 15 bb_es 3 a1a2_bs 2 a1a2_dc 3 abc_bc 1 bh_conn 1 bh_line_a 1 bh_line_b 1 db_bus_a 1 db_bus_b 1 db_line 1 abc_line 1 ab_trafo 1 scswi switch controller 15 sxswi circuit swit...

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    Configurable logic blocks q/t total number of instances srmemoryqt 40 timersetqt 40 xorqt 40 table 7: total number of instances for extended logic package extended configurable logic block total number of instances and 180 gate 49 inv 180 lld 49 or 180 pulsetimer 89 rsmemory 40 slgapc 74 srmemory 13...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description line distance rel670 (customized) sp16gapc generic communication function for single point indication 16 inputs 16 mvgapc generic communication function for measured values 24 binstatrep logical signal status report 3 range_xp measured value expan...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description line distance rel670 (customized) dnpgen dnp3.0 communication general protocol 1 chserrs485 dnp3.0 for eia-485 communication protocol 1 ch1tcp, ch2tcp, ch3tcp, ch4tcp dnp3.0 for tcp/ip communication protocol 1 chseropt dnp3.0 for tcp/ip and eia-48...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description line distance rel670 (customized) pmuconf, pmureport, phasorreport1, analogreport1 binaryreport1, smai1 - smai12 3phsum pmustatus synchrophasor report, 8 phasors (see table 8 ) 0-1 ptp precision time protocol 1 frontstatus access point diagnostic ...

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    Iec 61850 or function name ansi function description line distance rel670 (customized) ecpsch 85 scheme communication logic for residual overcurrent protection 0-1 ecrwpsch 85 current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for residual overcurrent protection 0-1 dtt direct transfer trip 0-1 table 8: num...

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    Iec 61850 or function name description actvgrp parameter setting groups testmode test mode functionality chnglck change lock function smbi signal matrix for binary inputs smbo signal matrix for binary outputs smmi signal matrix for ma inputs smai1 - smai12 signal matrix for analog inputs 3phsum summ...

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    60

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    Section 3 configuration 3.1 introduction the ied is available to be ordered in four different alternatives with the configuration suitable for the application. Normally these configurations should be acceptable to use with only few changes of binary input and outputs, which can be done from the sign...

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    3.2 description of configuration rel670 3.2.1 introduction 3.2.1.1 description of configuration a41 section 3 1mrk 506 369-uus - configuration 62 line distance protection rel670 2.2 ansi application manual.

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    Qb1 qb2 qa1 qb9 qc9 wa1 wa2 rel670 a41 – single breaker with three phase tripping for high ohmic and resonance earthed systems 12ai (6i+6u) zclc psch 67n sde psde in> oc4 ptoc 51_67 4(3i>) lc pttr 26 θ> cc rbrf 50bf 3i>bf other functions available from the function library rov2 ptov 59n 2(u0>) ef4 p...

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    3.2.1.2 description of configuration a42 qb1 qb2 qa1 qb9 qc9 wa1 wa2 rel670 a42 – single breaker with single or three phase tripping 12ai (6i+6u) cc rbrf 50bf 3i>bf 26 lc pttr θ> oc4 ptoc 51_67 4(3i>) vn mmxu met un vn mmxu met un wa2_vt wa1_vt line_ct line_vt smp ptrc 94 1->0 smb rrec 79 5(0 →1) sm...

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    3.2.1.3 description of configuration b42 qb1 wa1_qb6 line1_qb9 qb61 qb62 line2_qb9 wa2_qb6 wa1_qa1 tie_qa1 rel670 b42 – multi breaker with single or three phase tripping 12ai (6i+6u) vn mmxu met un lmb rflo 21fl fl etp mmtr met w/varh qb2 wa2_qa1 zmf pdis 21 z v msqi met usqi stb ptoc 50stb 3i>stb c...

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    3.2.1.4 description of configuration d42 qb1 qb2 qa1 qb9 qc9 wa1 wa2 rel670 d42 – single breaker with single or three phase tripping with pmu functionality cc rbrf 50bf 3i>bf 26 lc pttr θ> oc4 ptoc 51_67 4(3i>) other functions available from the function library s cilo 3 control s cswi 3 control rov...

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    Section 4 analog inputs 4.1 introduction analog input channels must be configured and set properly in order to get correct measurement results and correct protection operations. For power measuring, all directional and differential functions, the directions of the input currents must be defined in o...

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    4.2.1.1 example usually the a phase-to-ground voltage connected to the first vt channel number of the transformer input module (trm) is selected as the phase reference. The first vt channel number depends on the type of transformer input module. For a trm with 6 current and 6 voltage inputs the firs...

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    4.2.2.1 example 1 two ieds used for protection of two objects. Transformer protection transformer line line setting of current input: set parameter ct_wyepoint with transformer as reference object. Correct setting is "toobject" forward reverse definition of direction for directional functions line p...

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    4.2.2.3 example 3 one ied used to protect two objects. Transformer and line protection transformer line setting of current input: set parameter ct_wyepoint with transformer as reference object. Correct setting is "toobject" reverse forward definition of direction for directional line functions setti...

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    For the current channels to the line protection is set with the line as reference object and the directional functions of the line protection shall be set to forward to protect the line. Transformer and line protection transformer line setting of current input for transformer functions: set paramete...

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    Busbar protection busbar 1 2 2 1 en06000196_ansi.Vsd ansi06000196 v1 en figure 11: example how to set ct_wyepoint parameters in the ied for busbar protection, it is possible to set the ct_wyepoint parameters in two ways. The first solution will be to use busbar as a reference object. In that case fo...

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    Regardless which one of the above two options is selected, busbar differential protection will behave correctly. The main ct ratios must also be set. This is done by setting the two parameters ctsec and ctprim for each current channel. For a 1000/5 a ct, the following settings shall be used: • ctpri...

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    It shall be noted that depending on national standard and utility practices, the rated secondary current of a ct has typically one of the following values: • 1a • 5a however, in some cases, the following rated secondary currents are used as well: • 2a • 10a the ied fully supports all of these rated ...

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    Protected object ct 600/5 wye connected ied ansi13000002-3-en.Vsd 1 2 3 4 smai_20 a i_ a i_ b i_ c b c i_a i_b i_c ansi13000002 v3 en figure 13: wye connected three-phase ct set with wye point towards the protected object where: 1) the drawing shows how to connect three individual phase currents fro...

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    3) these three connections are the links between the three current inputs and the three input channels of the preprocessing function block 4). Depending on the type of functions, which need this current information, more than one preprocessing block might be connected in parallel to the same three p...

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    Protected object ct 800/1 wye connected ied ansi11000026-5-en-.Vsd 4 1 2 3 a ia ib ic b c ia ib ic smai_20_2 block revrot ^grp2_a ^grp2_b ^grp2_c ^grp2n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain 5 ansi11000026 v5 en figure 14: wye connected three-phase ct set with its wye point away from the protected object in the ...

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    7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 a ia ib ic b c protected object ct 800/1 wye connected ia ib ic ai 01 (i) ai 02 (i) ai 03 (i) ai 04 (i) ai 05 (i) ai 06 (i) in ied 1 3 4 2 5 ansi06000644-2-en.Vsd 6 smai2 block ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain ^grp2_b ^grp2_a ^grp2_c ^grp2n type ansi06000644 v2 en figure 15: wye c...

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    5) is a connection made in the signal matrix tool (smt) and application configuration tool (act), which connects the residual/neutral current input to the fourth input channel of the preprocessing function block 6). Note that this connection in smt shall not be done if the residual/neutral current i...

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    A ia ib ic b c protected object ied c t 6 0 0/ 5 in d e lta d a b c o nn ec te d ia-ib ib-ic ic-ia 1 2 3 4 ansi11000027-2-en.Vsd smai_20 ansi11000027 v2 en figure 16: delta dab connected three-phase ct set section 4 1mrk 506 369-uus - analog inputs 80 line distance protection rel670 2.2 ansi applica...

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    Where: 1) shows how to connect three individual phase currents from a delta connected three-phase ct set to three ct inputs of the ied. 2) is the trm where these current inputs are located. It shall be noted that for all these current inputs the following setting values shall be entered. Ct prim =60...

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    A ia ib ic b c protected object ied c t 8 0 0 /1 in d e lta d c a c o n ne ct ed ic-ib ib-ia ia-ic 2 3 4 ansi11000028-2-en.Vsd smai_20 ansi11000028 v2 en figure 17: delta dac connected three-phase ct set in this case, everything is done in a similar way as in the above described example, except that...

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    For correct terminal designations, see the connection diagrams valid for the delivered ied. Protected object a b c ied in p 2 4 ansi11000029-3-en.Vsd 3 c t 1 0 0 0 /1 a) b) ins ins (+) (+) (-) (-) (+) (-) 1 smai_20_2 block revrot ^grp2_a ^grp2_b ^grp2_c ^grp2_n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain ansi11000029 ...

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    4.2.3 relationships between setting parameter base current, ct rated primary current and minimum pickup of a protection ied note that for all line protection applications (e.G. Distance protection or line differential protection) the parameter base current (i.E. Ibase setting in the ied) used by the...

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    132kv 120v 3 3 equation1937 v1 en (equation 1) the following setting should be used: vtprim=132 (value in kv) vtsec=120 (value in v) 4.2.4.2 examples how to connect, configure and set vt inputs for most commonly used vt connections figure 19 defines the marking of voltage transformer terminals commo...

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    The ied fully supports all of these values and most of them will be shown in the following examples. 4.2.4.3 examples on how to connect a three phase-to-ground connected vt to the ied figure 20 gives an example on how to connect the three phase-to-ground connected vt to the ied. It gives an overview...

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    L1 ied l2 132 2 110 2 kv v 1 3 2 132 2 110 2 kv v iec16000140-1-en.Vsdx 4 smai2 block ^grp2l1 ^grp2l2 ^grp2l1l2 ^grp2n ai2p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain 5 iec16000140 v1 en figure 21: a two phase-to-earth connected vt where: 1) shows how to connect three secondary phase-to-ground voltages to three vt inputs ...

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    3) are three connections made in signal matrix tool (smt), which connect these three voltage inputs to first three input channels of the preprocessing function block 5). Depending on the type of functions which need this voltage information, more then one preprocessing block might be connected in pa...

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    19 20 21 22 23 24 13 14 15 16 17 18 a ai 07(i) ai08 (v) ai09 (v) ai10(v) ai11(v) ai12(v) ied b c 13.8 120 kv v 1 2 3 #not used 13.8 120 kv v 5 ansi06000600-3-en.Vsd smai2 block ^grp2_a (a-b) ^grp2_b (b-c) ^grp2_c (c-a) ^grp2n type ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain 4 ansi06000600 v3 en figure 22: a two phase-...

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    3) are three connections made in the signal matrix tool (smt), application configuration tool (act), which connects these three voltage inputs to first three input channels of the preprocessing function block 5). Depending on the type of functions, which need this voltage information, more than one ...

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    19 20 21 22 23 24 13 14 15 16 17 18 a ai 07 (i) ai 08 (v) ai 09 (v) ai 10 (v) ai 11 (v) ai 12 (v) ied b c 6.6 3 110 3 kv v +3vo 6.6 3 110 3 kv v 6.6 3 110 3 kv v 1 2 4 3 # not used 5 ansi06000601-2-en.Vsd # not used # not used smai2 block ^grp2_a ^grp2_b ^grp2_c ^grp2n type ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain ...

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    Where: 1) shows how to connect the secondary side of the open delta vt to one vt input on the ied. +3vo shall be connected to the ied 2) is the trm where this voltage input is located. It shall be noted that for this voltage input the following setting values shall be entered: 3 6.6 11.43 vtprim kv ...

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    4.2.4.6 example how to connect the open delta vt to the ied for low impedance grounded or solidly grounded power systems figure 24 gives an example about the connection of an open delta vt to the ied for low impedance grounded or solidly grounded power systems. It shall be noted that this type of vt...

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    19 20 21 22 23 24 13 14 15 16 17 18 a ai07 (i) ai08 (v) ai09 (v) ai10 (v) ai11 (v) ai12 (v) ied b c 138 3 115 3 kv v +3vo 138 3 115 3 kv v 138 3 115 3 kv v 1 2 4 3 ansi06000602-2-en.Vsd 5 # not used # not used # not used smai2 block ^grp2_a ^grp2_b ^grp2_c ^grp2n type ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain ansi06...

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    Where: 1) shows how to connect the secondary side of open delta vt to one vt input in the ied. +3vo shall be connected to the ied. 2) is trm where this voltage input is located. It shall be noted that for this voltage input the following setting values shall be entered: 138 3 138 3 vtprim kv = × = e...

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    4.2.4.7 example on how to connect a neutral point vt to the ied figure 25 gives an example on how to connect a neutral point vt to the ied. This type of vt connection presents secondary voltage proportional to v 0 to the ied. In case of a solid ground fault in high impedance grounded or ungrounded s...

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    L1 l2 l3 ied 6.6 3 100 kv v r uo iec06000603-4-en.Vsdx # not used # not used # not used protected object smai2 block revrot ^grp2l1 ^grp2l2 ^grp2l3 ^grp2n ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ai n 1 2 3 4 5 iec06000603 v4 en protected object 19 20 21 22 23 24 13 14 15 16 17 18 a b c ai07 (i) ai08 (i) ai09 (i) ai10 ...

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    Where: 1) shows how to connect the secondary side of neutral point vt to one vt input in the ied. V 0 shall be connected to the ied. 2) is the trm or aim where this voltage input is located. For this voltage input the following setting values shall be entered: 6.6 3.81 3 vtprim kv = = equation1933 v...

  • Page 105

    Section 5 local hmi ansi13000239-2-en.Vsd ansi13000239 v2 en figure 26: local human-machine interface the lhmi of the ied contains the following elements: 1mrk 506 369-uus - section 5 local hmi line distance protection rel670 2.2 ansi 99 application manual.

  • Page 106

    • keypad • display (lcd) • led indicators • communication port for pcm600 the lhmi is used for setting, monitoring and controlling. 5.1 display the lhmi includes a graphical monochrome liquid crystal display (lcd) with a resolution of 320 x 240 pixels. The character size can vary. The display view i...

  • Page 107

    Iec15000270-1-en.Vsdx iec15000270 v1 en figure 27: display layout 1 path 2 content 3 status 4 scroll bar (appears when needed) the function key button panel shows on request what actions are possible with the function buttons. Each function button has a led indication that can be used as a feedback ...

  • Page 108

    Iec13000281-1-en.Vsd guid-c98d972d-d1d8-4734-b419-161dbc0dc97b v1 en figure 28: function button panel the indication led panel shows on request the alarm text labels for the indication leds. Three indication led pages are available. Iec13000240-1-en.Vsd guid-5157100f-e8c0-4fab-b979-fd4a971475e3 v1 e...

  • Page 109

    5.2 leds the lhmi includes three protection status leds above the display: normal, pickup and trip. There are 15 programmable indication leds on the front of the lhmi. Each led can indicate three states with the colors: green, yellow and red. The texts related to each three- color led are divided in...

  • Page 110

    Iec16000076-1-en.Vsd iec16000076 v1 en figure 30: openclose_led connected to sxcbr 5.3 keypad the lhmi keypad contains push-buttons which are used to navigate in different views or menus. The push-buttons are also used to acknowledge alarms, reset indications, provide help and switch between local a...

  • Page 111

    Ansi15000157-1-en.Vsdx 1 18 19 7 6 5 4 3 2 8 20 21 22 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 23 24 ansi15000157 v1 en figure 31: lhmi keypad with object control, navigation and command push-buttons and rj-45 communication port 1...5 function button 6 close 7 open 8 escape 9 left 10 down 11 up 12 right 13 key 14 ...

  • Page 112

    19 menu 20 clear 21 help 22 communication port 23 programmable indication leds 24 ied status leds 5.4 local hmi functionality 5.4.1 protection and alarm indication protection indicators the protection indicator leds are normal, pickup and trip. Table 11: normal led (green) led state description off ...

  • Page 113

    Table 13: trip led (red) led state description off normal operation. On a protection function has tripped. An indication message is displayed if the auto-indication feature is enabled in the local hmi. The trip indication is latching and must be reset via communication, lhmi or binary input on the l...

  • Page 114

    Numerical values are presented either in integer or in decimal format with minimum and maximum values. Character strings can be edited character by character. Enumerated values have a predefined set of selectable values. 5.4.3 front communication the rj-45 port in the lhmi enables front communicatio...

  • Page 115

    Section 6 wide area measurement system 6.1 c37.118 phasor measurement data streaming protocol configuration pmuconf 6.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number configuration parameters for ieee 1344 and c37.118 protocol pm...

  • Page 116

    That pmureport instance. Whereas, for udp clients, the pmureport instance for each udp channel is defined by the user in the pmu and the client has to know the pmu id corresponding to that instance in order to be able to communicate. More information is available in the sections short guidance for t...

  • Page 117

    As can be seen, there are two separate parameters in the ied for selecting port numbers for tcp connections; one for ieee1344 protocol (1344tcpport) and another one for c37.118 protocol (c37.118 tcpport). Client can communicate with the ied over ieee1344 protocol using the selected tcp port defined ...

  • Page 118

    1. Senddataudp[x] – enable / disable udp data stream 2. Protocolonudp[x] – send ieee1344 or c37.118 on udp 3. Pmureportudp[x] – instance number of pmureport function block that must send data on this udp stream (udp client group[x]) 4. Udpdestaddres[x] – udp destination address for udp client group[...

  • Page 119

    The data streams in the ied can be sent as unicast or as multicast. The user-defined ip address set in the parameter udpdestaddress[x] for each udp stream defines if it is a unicast or multicast. The address range 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 (class d ip addresses) is treated as multicast. Any other...

  • Page 120

    6.2.2 application the phasor measurement reporting block moves the phasor calculations into an ieee c37.118 and/or ieee 1344 synchrophasor frame format. The pmureport block contains parameters for pmu performance class and reporting rate, the idcode and global pmu id, format of the data streamed thr...

  • Page 121

    Iec140000118-2-en.Vsd iec140000118 v2 en figure 34: multiple instances of pmureport function block figure 35 shows both instances of the phasorreport function blocks. The instance number is visible in the bottom of each function block. For each instance, there are four separate phasorreport blocks i...

  • Page 122

    Iec140000120-2-en.Vsd iec140000120 v2 en figure 36: multiple instances of analogreport blocks figure 37 shows both instances of binaryreport function blocks. The instance number is visible in the bottom of each function block. For each instance, there are three separate binaryreport blocks capable o...

  • Page 123

    • to measure the power system related ac quantities (voltage, current) and to calculate the phasor representation of these quantities. • to synchronize the calculated phasors with the utc by time-tagging, in order to make synchrophasors (time is reference). • to publish all phasor-related data by me...

  • Page 124

    Iec140000146-1-en.Vsd phasor1 phasor2 phasor32 analog1 analog2 analog24 freqtrig dfdttrig maghightrig maglowtrig binary1 binary2 binary24 pmureport1 smai smmi meas. Trm mu trm mim protection op up oc uv or num ieeec37.118 / 1344 messages u/i samples bim gps / irig-b pps time data u i u i i/p 8 tcp 6...

  • Page 125

    This adaptive filtering is ensured by proper configuration and settings of all relevant pre- processing blocks, see signal matrix for analog inputs in the application manual. Note that in all preconfigured ieds such configuration and settings are already made and the three-phase voltage are used as ...

  • Page 126

    Name type values (range) unit description freqrefchsel integer - - frequency reference channel number selected freqrefcherr boolean 0=freq ref not available 1=freq ref error 2=freq ref available - frequency reference channel error freqtrig boolean - - frequency trigger dfdttrig boolean - - rate of c...

  • Page 127

    6.2.3.3 scaling factors for analogreport channels the internal calculation of analog values in the ied is based on 32 bit floating point. Therefore, if the user selects to report the analog data (analogdatatype) as integer, there will be a down-conversion of a 32 bit floating value to a new 16 bit i...

  • Page 128

    3277.0 analogxrange = iecequation2446 v1 en the scale factor is calculated as follows: (3277.0 2.0) 0.1 and 0.0 65535.0 scalefactor offset ´ = = = iecequation2447 v1 en the scale factor will be sent as 1 on configuration frame 2, and 0.1 on configuration frame 3. The range of analog values that can ...

  • Page 129

    6.2.3.4 pmu report function blocks connection rules in pcm600 application configuration tool (act) there are 3 important general rules which have to be considered in pcm600 act for the connection of preprocessor blocks (smai) and 3phsum blocks to phasorreport blocks: rule 1: only smai or 3phsum bloc...

  • Page 130

    Every 3 ms while the phasorreport block is expecting input every 0.9 ms. The phasorreport filtering window is designed to receive updated input every 0.9 ms and therefore the application will fail. Rule 2: the same smai or 3phsum block can be connected to more than one phasorreport block only if all...

  • Page 131

    Iec140000127-2-en.Vsd iec140000127 v2 en figure 42: an example of correct connection of smai and phasorreport blocks in act figure 43 shows an example of wrong connection of smai and phasorreport blocks in act where the same smai block is connected to different phasorreport blocks with different ins...

  • Page 132

    Iec140000128-2-en.Vsd iec140000128 v2 en figure 43: an example of wrong connection of smai and phasorreport blocks in act rule 3: this rule is only related to the connection of 3phsum block to the phasorreport block. If 3phsum block is configured to use external dft reference (from smai reference bl...

  • Page 133

    Iec140000129-2-en.Vsd iec140000129 v2 en figure 44: an example of correct connection of 3phsum and phasorreport blocks in act iec140000130-1-en.Vsd iec140000130 v1 en figure 45: smai1 setting parameters example-showing that smai3 is selected as the dft reference (dftrefgrp3) 1mrk 506 369-uus - secti...

  • Page 134

    Iec140000131-1-en iec140000131 v1 en figure 46: 3phsum setting parameters example-showing that 3phsum is using the external dft reference coming indirectly from smai3 figure 47 shows an example of wrong connection of 3phsum and phasorreport blocks in act where smai3 is configured as the reference bl...

  • Page 135

    Adapted according to the performance class (svcclass) and reporting rate of the connected instance of phasorreport function block. On the other hand, when 3phsum uses external dft reference, it also adapts its filtering according to the smai reference block. Therefore, in order to avoid two differen...

  • Page 136

    1. Pmureport 2. Phasorreport 3. Analogreport 4. Binaryreport each category has its corresponding parameter settings except for binaryreport function block which does not have any specific parameters and settings. 1. Pmureport is the main function block which controls the operation of other pmu repor...

  • Page 137

    Options are rectangular or polar format. Rectangular format represents the synchrophasor as real and imaginary values, real value first (a + bj) while the polar format represents the synchrophasor as magnitude and angle, magnitude first (a e jα ). • phasordatatype: it refers to the bit 1 of the form...

  • Page 138

    Message format. Depends on the selected data type, the size of each field can be 2 (integer) or 4 (float) bytes per ieee c37.118.2 message. The data sent via the freq field is frequency deviation from nominal frequency (50 hz or 60 hz), in mhz. It is ranged from –32.767 to +32.767 hz. Integer data t...

  • Page 139

    Compensated for all input delays, the time tag of the sample in the middle of the estimation window can be used for the phasor estimation (output) time tag as long as the filtering coefficients are symmetrical across the filtering window. Note: it is recommended to set this parameter on middlesample...

  • Page 140

    C37.118.2 message format. The options are single point-on-wave, rms of analog input and peak of analog input. Section 6 1mrk 506 369-uus - wide area measurement system 134 line distance protection rel670 2.2 ansi application manual.

  • Page 141

    Section 7 differential protection 7.1 high impedance differential protection, single phase hzpdif (87) 7.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number high impedance differential protection, single phase hzpdif id symbol-cc v2...

  • Page 142

    Ansi05000163-1-en.Vsd 3·87 87n 3·87t g 3·87g 3·87b 3·87t 3·87 3·87 3·87b ansi05000163 v2 en figure 48: different applications of a 1ph high impedance differential protection hzpdif (87) function 7.1.2.1 the basics of the high impedance principle the high impedance differential protection principle h...

  • Page 143

    Sometimes above one kilo ohm. When an internal fault occurs the current cannot circulate and is forced through the measuring branch causing relay operation. It should be remembered that the whole scheme, its built-in components and wiring must be adequately maintained throughout the lifetime of the ...

  • Page 144

    ( ) max vr if rct rl > × + equation1531-ansi v1 en (equation 16) where: if max is the maximum through fault current at the secondary side of the ct rct is the current transformer secondary winding resistance and rl is the maximum loop resistance of the circuit at any ct. The minimum operating voltag...

  • Page 145

    Minimum ohms can be difficult to adjust due to the small value compared to the total value. Normally the voltage can be increased to higher values than the calculated minimum trippickup with a minor change of total operating values as long as this is done by adjusting the resistor to a higher value....

  • Page 146

    ( ) ip n ir ires lmag = × + + å equation1747 v1 en (equation 17) where: n is the ct ratio ip primary current at ied pickup, ir ied pickup current (u>trip/seriesresistor) ires is the current through the voltage limiter and Σimag is the sum of the magnetizing currents from all cts in the circuit (for ...

  • Page 147

    Ansi05000427-2-en.Vsd i> r rres rl rct rct rl vr a) through load situation b) through fault situation vr vr c) internal faults vr protected object ansi05000427 v2 en figure 50: the high impedance principle for one phase with two current transformer inputs 1mrk 506 369-uus - section 7 differential pr...

  • Page 148

    7.1.3 connection examples for high impedance differential protection warning! Use extreme caution! Dangerously high voltages might be present on this equipment, especially on the plate with resistors. De-energize the primary object protected with this equipment before connecting or disconnecting wir...

  • Page 149

    Pos description 1 scheme grounding point it is important to insure that only one grounding point exist in this scheme. 2 three-phase plate with setting resistors and metrosils. Protective ground is a separate 4 mm screw terminal on the plate. 3 necessary connection for three-phase metrosil set. 4 po...

  • Page 150

    L1 (a) l2 (b) l3 (c) protected object ct 1500/5 star/wye connected 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 ai01 (i) ai02 (i) ai03 (i) ai04 (i) ai05 (i) ai06 (i) 6 ied x1 r 1 1 2 4 5 v r 2 1 3 4 2 1 2 3 n 1-ph plate with metrosil and resistor 2 3 5 4 n l1 (a) l2 (b) l3 (c) c t 1 5 0 0 /5 1 ansi09000170-5-en.Vsdx ...

  • Page 151

    7.1.4.1 configuration the configuration is done in the application configuration tool. 7.1.4.2 settings of protection function operation: the operation of the high impedance differential function can be switched enabled or disabled. Alarmpickup: set the alarm level. The sensitivity can roughly be ca...

  • Page 152

    While the t-zone is protected with a separate differential protection scheme. The 1ph high impedance differential hzpdif (87) function in the ied allows this to be done efficiently, see figure 53 . 87 en05000165_ansi.Vsd ansi05000165 v1 en figure 53: the protection scheme utilizing the high impedanc...

  • Page 153

    Setting example basic data: current transformer ratio: 2000/5a ct class: c800 (at max tap of 2000/5a) secondary resistance: 0.5 ohm (2000/5a tap) cable loop resistance: 2 max fault current: equal to switchgear rated fault current 40 ka calculation: ( ) 40000 0.5 0.4 90 400 vr v > × + = equation1751-...

  • Page 154

    It can clearly be seen that the sensitivity is not so much influenced by the selected voltage level so a sufficient margin should be used. The selection of the stabilizing resistor and the level of the magnetizing current (mostly dependent of the number of turns) are the most important factors. 7.1....

  • Page 155

    Ansi05000176-2-en.Vsd 3·87 ansi05000176 v2 en figure 54: application of the1ph high impedance differential protection hzpdif (87) function on a reactor setting example it is strongly recommended to use the highest tap of the ct whenever high impedance protection is used. This helps in utilizing maxi...

  • Page 156

    In the unused taps, owing to auto-transformer action, voltages much higher than design limits might be induced. Basic data: current transformer ratio: 100/5 a (note: must be the same at all locations) ct class: c200 secondary resistance: 0.1 ohms (at 100/5 tap) cable loop resistance: to be limited t...

  • Page 157

    Where 200ma is the current drawn by the ied circuit and 50ma is the current drawn by each ct just at pickup. The magnetizing current is taken from the magnetizing curve of the current transformer cores, which should be available. The current value at trippickup is taken. 7.1.4.5 alarm level operatio...

  • Page 158

    Iec05000749 v1 en figure 55: current voltage characteristics for the non-linear resistors, in the range 10-200 v, the average range of current is: 0.01–10 ma 7.2 additional security logic for differential protection ldrgfc (11) 7.2.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 6...

  • Page 159

    • phase-to-phase current variation • zero sequence current criterion • low voltage criterion • low current criterion phase-to-phase current variation takes the current samples (il1–il2, il2–il3, etc.) as input and it calculates the variation using the sampling value based algorithm. Phase-to- phase ...

  • Page 160

    Ansi11000232-3-en.Vsd and input1 input2 input3 input4n out nout start signal to remote side start signal from remote side release of line differential protection trip ldlpsch (87l) ctfail outserv block trip trl1 trl2 trl3 trlocal trlocl1 trlocl2 trlocl3 trremote diflblkd ldrgfc (11rel) i3p* u3p* blo...

  • Page 161

    Pu 3i0 : level of high zero sequence current detection given in % of ibase. This setting should be based on fault calculations to find the zero sequence current in case of a fault at the point on the protected line giving the smallest fault current to the protection. The zero sequence current shall ...

  • Page 162

    156.

  • Page 163

    Section 8 impedance protection 8.1 distance measuring zone, quadrilateral characteristic for series compensated lines zmcpdis (21), zmcapdis (21), zdsrdir (21d) 8.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number distance measurin...

  • Page 164

    The distance protection function is designed to meet basic requirements for application on transmission and sub transmission lines (solid grounded systems) although it also can be used on distribution levels. 8.1.2.2 system grounding the type of system grounding plays an important roll when designin...

  • Page 165

    Z0 is the zero sequence impedance (Ω/phase) zf is the fault impedance (Ω), often resistive zn is the ground return impedance defined as (z0-z1)/3 the voltage on the healthy phases is generally lower than 140% of the nominal phase-to- ground voltage. This corresponds to about 80% of the nominal phase...

  • Page 166

    High resistance faults and must, therefore, always be complemented with other protection function(s) that can carry out the fault clearance in this case. 8.1.2.3 fault infeed from remote end all transmission and most all sub transmission networks are operated meshed. Typical for this type of network...

  • Page 167

    8.1.2.4 load encroachment sometimes the load impedance might enter the zone characteristic without any fault on the protected line. The phenomenon is called load encroachment and it might occur when an external fault is cleared and high emergency load is transferred on the protected line. The effect...

  • Page 168

    8.1.2.5 long transmission line application for long transmission lines the margin to the load impedance that is, to avoid load encroachment, will normally be a major concern. It is difficult to achieve high sensitivity for line to ground-fault at remote end of a long lines when the line is heavy loa...

  • Page 169

    8.1.2.6 parallel line application with mutual coupling general introduction of parallel lines in the network is increasing due to difficulties to get necessary area for new lines. Parallel lines introduce an error in the measurement due to the mutual coupling between the parallel lines. The lines ne...

  • Page 170

    Most multi circuit lines have two parallel operating circuits. The application guide mentioned below recommends in more detail the setting practice for this particular type of line. The basic principles also apply to other multi circuit lines. Parallel line applications this type of networks are def...

  • Page 171

    Z0m a b 21 21 en05000221_ansi.Vsd fault ansi05000221 v1 en figure 61: class 1, parallel line in service the equivalent circuit of the lines can be simplified, as shown in figure 62 . A b c z0m z0 z0 m - z0 z0 m - 99000038.Vsd iec99000038 v1 en figure 62: equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit of...

  • Page 172

    Where: knm = z0m/(3 · z1l) the second part in the parentheses is the error introduced to the measurement of the line impedance. If the current on the parallel line has negative sign compared to the current on the protected line that is, the current on the parallel line has an opposite direction comp...

  • Page 173

    Z p zi i kn i kn i p p i i kn l ph m ph = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ − + ⋅ 3 3 2 3 0 0 0 equation1379 v3 en (equation 36) calculation for a 400 kv line, where we for simplicity have excluded the resistance, gives with x1l=0.48 ohm/mile, x0l=1.4ohms/mile, zone 1 reach is set to 90% of the line reactance p=71% that ...

  • Page 174

    Z z 0 m0 z z 0 m0 zm0 a b c 99000039.Vsd i 0 i 0 document11520-img7100 v1 en figure 64: equivalent zero-sequence impedance circuit for the double-circuit line that operates with one circuit disconnected and grounded at both ends here the equivalent zero sequence impedance is equal to z0-z0m in paral...

  • Page 175

    Parallel line out of service and not grounded z0m a open 21 21 en05000223_ansi.Vsd closed open closed b ansi05000223 v1 en figure 65: parallel line is out of service and not grounded when the parallel line is out of service and not grounded, the zero sequence on that line can only flow through the l...

  • Page 176

    ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 3 e f m u f f z z r z k z z z r z z r × × + + = = - × × + + × × + + equation1284 v1 en (equation 40) this means that the reach is reduced in reactive and resistive directions. If the real and imaginary components of the constant a are equal to equation 4...

  • Page 177

    C a b bc ansi05000224-2-en.Vsd ansi05000224 v2 en figure 67: example of tapped line with auto transformer this application gives rise to similar problem that was highlighted in section "fault infeed from remote end" that is, increased measured impedance due to fault current infeed. For example, for ...

  • Page 178

    Where: zat and zct is the line impedance from the b respective c station to the t point. Ia and ic is fault current from a respective c station for fault between t and b. V2/v1 transformation ratio for transformation of impedance at v1 side of the transformer to the measuring side v2 (it is assumed ...

  • Page 179

    In practice, the setting of fault resistance for both phase-to-ground (rfpg) and phase-to- phase (rfpp) must be as high as possible without interfering with the load impedance to obtain reliable fault detection. 8.1.2.8 series compensation in power systems the main purpose of series compensation in ...

  • Page 180

    A typical 500 km long 500 kv line is considered with source impedance 1 0 = sa z equation1896 v1 en (equation 49) ~ e a z sa1 power line a b seires capacitor load en06000585.Vsd iec06000585 v1 en figure 68: a simple radial power system en06000586_ansi.Vsd 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 1...

  • Page 181

    Between the generator and the infinite bus increases during the fault. At the time of fault clearing, the angle difference has increased to δ c . After reclosing of the system, the transmitted power exceeds the mechanical input power and the generator deaccelerates. The generator decelerates as long...

  • Page 182

    Capacitive inductive 200 400 600 800 1000 200 400 600 q (mvar) 500 1000 1500 power flow (mw) (t.L.) (s.C.) (t.L. + s.C.) transmission line series compensation 500 kv 500 km k = 50 % en06000589.Vsd iec06000589 v1 en figure 72: self-regulating effect of reactive power balance increase in power transfe...

  • Page 183

    The effect on the power transfer when considering a constant angle difference (δ) between the line ends is illustrated in figure 74 . Practical compensation degree runs from 20 to 70 percent. Transmission capability increases of more than two times can be obtained in practice. Iec06000592-2-en.Vsd 0...

  • Page 184

    1 1 2 2 - = l c l l l x x r x r equation1899 v1 en (equation 51) reduced costs of power transmission due to decreased investment costs for new power line as shown in figure 74 the line loading can easily be increased 1.5-2 times by series compensation. Thus, the required number of transmission lines...

  • Page 185

    En06000595.Vsd fw rv -jx c fw rv -jx c fw rv -jx c iec06000595 v1 en figure 77: thyristor switched series capacitor en06000596_ansi.Vsd -jx c fw rv jx l i l i v v c + - ansi06000596 v1 en figure 78: thyristor controlled series capacitor i l line current i v current through the thyristor u c voltage ...

  • Page 186

    En06000597.Vsd u c x c 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 -2 0 2 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 -5 0 5 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 -50 0 50 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 -40 -20 0 i l i v 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 ...

  • Page 187

    During continuous valve bypass the tcsc represents an inductive impedance of about 20% of the capacitor impedance. Both operation in capacitive boost mode and valve bypass mode can be used for damping of power swings. The utilization of valve bypass increases the dynamic range of the tcsc and improv...

  • Page 188

    Drop dv c on series capacitor lags the fault current by 90 degrees. Note that line impedance x l1 could be divided into two parts: one between the ied point and the capacitor and one between the capacitor and the fault position. The resulting voltage v m in ied point is this way proportional to sum ...

  • Page 189

    Without series capacitor. Voltage v m in ied point will lag the fault current i f in case when: l1 c s l1 x x x x + equation1902 v1 en (equation 53) where x s is the source impedance behind the ied the ied point voltage inverses its direction due to presence of series capacitor and its dimension. It...

  • Page 190

    The relative phase position of fault current i f compared to the source voltage v s depends in general on the character of the resultant reactance between the source and the fault position. Two possibilities appear: 1 1 0 0 - + > - + s c l s c l x x x x x x equation1935 v1 en (equation 54) the first...

  • Page 191

    Shows also big dependence of possible current inversion on series compensated lines on location of series capacitors. X l1 = 0 for faults just behind the capacitor when located at line ied and only the source impedance prevents current inversion. Current inversion has been considered for many years ...

  • Page 192

    ( ) sin w l × + × = × × + l l l l g di l r i e t dt equation1905 v1 en (equation 57) the solution over line current is presented by group of equations 58 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 2 2 sin sin w l j l j w w j - × = é ù = × × + - + - × - × ê ú ë û = + × æ ö × = ç ÷ è ø l l r t l g g l l t l l l l e e i t i e ...

  • Page 193

    ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 2 2 1 ( 0) ( 0) ( 0) 2 2 sin cos sin 1 sin sin cos 2 1 sin 2 2 1 4 a w l j b b w w l j w l l j b l j a b - × = = = = × × + - + × × + × × × = + × - × = - × - × × × - - × - × - - = × × - × - × = × = - × × æ ö ç ÷ è ø é ù ê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú ë û t g l sc sc l l l g l t s...

  • Page 194

    0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 10 5 5 10 t[ms ] i[ pu ] en06000610.Vsd iec06000610 v1 en figure 86: short circuit currents for the fault at the end of 500 km long 500 kv line without and with sc location of instrument transformers location of instrument transformers relative to th...

  • Page 195

    Bus side instrument transformers ct1 and vt1 on figure 87 represent the case with bus side instrument transformers. The protection devices are in this case exposed to possible voltage and current inversion for line faults, which decreases the required dependability. In addition to this may series ca...

  • Page 196

    Near the feeding bus will see in different cases fault on remote end bus depending on type of overvoltage protection used on capacitor bank (spark gap or mov) and sc location on protected power line. En06000612_ansi.Vsd ~ e a 0% 33% 50% 66% k c = 80% 33% 33% 50 % 21 100 % 80 % x ansi06000612 v1 en f...

  • Page 197

    En06000614_ansi.Vsd mov protected series capacitor 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 20 10 10 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 100 50 50 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 20 10 10 20 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 20 10 10 20 line current as a function of time capacitor voltage as a function of time capacitor current as a function of time mov ...

  • Page 198

    Extensive studies at bonneville power administration in usa ( ref. Goldsworthy, d,l “a linearized model for mov-protected series capacitors” paper 86sm357–8 ieee/pes summer meeting in mexico city july 1986) have resulted in construction of a non-linear equivalent circuit with series connected capaci...

  • Page 199

    • series capacitor becomes nearly completely bridged by mov when the line current becomes higher than 10-times the protective current level (i £ 10· k p · i nc ). 8.1.2.10 impact of series compensation on protective ied of adjacent lines voltage inversion is not characteristic for the buses and ied ...

  • Page 200

    Equation 65 indicates the deepness of the network to which it will feel the influence of series compensation through the effect of voltage inversion. It is also obvious that the position of series capacitor on compensated line influences in great extent the deepness of voltage inversion in adjacent ...

  • Page 201

    Compensated and adjacent lines are concentrated on finding some parallel ways, which may help eliminating the basic reason for wrong measurement. The most known of them are decrease of the reach due to presence of series capacitor, which apparently decreases the line reactance, and introduction of p...

  • Page 202

    Equation 66 is applicable for the case when the vts are located on the bus side of series capacitor. It is possible to remove x c from the equation in cases of vts installed in line side, but it is still necessary to consider the safety factor k s . If the capacitor is out of service or bypassed, th...

  • Page 203

    11 11 + c s x x x x equation1898 v1 en (equation 67) and in figure 96 a three phase fault occurs beyond the capacitor. The resultant ied impedance seen from the d b ied location to the fault may become negative (voltage inversion) until the spark gap has flashed. Distance protections of adjacent pow...

  • Page 204

    En06000621_ansi.Vsd b a1 a2 a3 d b d a3 d a2 d a1 jx 11 i a1 i a2 i a3 i f -jx c jx 1 jx 2 jx 3 f x ansi06000621 v1 en figure 96: distance ied on adjacent power lines are influenced by the negative impedance normally the first zone of this protection must be delayed until the gap flashing has taken ...

  • Page 205

    En06000625.Vsd jx r x 11 x 12 x c z s iec06000625 v1 en figure 97: cross-polarized quadrilateral characteristic en06000584_small.Vsd jx r x 11 x 12 x c z s x f w x r v r fw r rv iec06000584-small v1 en figure 98: quadrilateral characteristic with separate impedance and directional measurement if the...

  • Page 206

    Fault current will cause a high voltage on the network. The situation will be the same even if a mov is used. However, depending upon the setting of the mov, the fault current will have a resistive component. The problems described here are accentuated with a three phase or phase-to-phase fault, but...

  • Page 207

    Underreaching distance protection zone 1 for phase-to-ground measuring loops must further be decreased for such operating conditions. En06000628.Vsd jx m0 j(x 0l -x m0 ) j(x 0l -x m0 ) -jx c -jx c a b iec06000628 v1 en figure 100: zero sequence equivalent circuit of a series compensated double circu...

  • Page 208

    Blocked for the short period. The disadvantage is that a local communication is needed between two protection devices in the neighboring bays of the same substation. Distance protection used on series compensated lines must have a high overreach to cover the whole transmission line also when the cap...

  • Page 209

    In case of parallel lines, consider the influence of the mutual coupling according to section "parallel line application with mutual coupling" and select the case(s) that are valid in your application. We recommend to compensate setting for the cases when the parallel line is in operation, out of se...

  • Page 210

    A b 21 c i a ib z ac z cb z cf ia+ ib ansi05000457-2-en.Vsd f ansi05000457 v2 en figure 102: 8.1.3.4 setting of reverse zone the reverse zone is applicable for purposes of scheme communication logic, current reversal logic, weak-end-infeed logic, and so on. The same applies to the back-up protection...

  • Page 211

    (zmcpdis,zmcapdis, 21). This function is necessary in the protection on compensated lines as well as all non-compensated lines connected to this busbar (adjacent lines). All protections that can be exposed to voltage reversal must have the special directional function, including the protections on b...

  • Page 212

    99000202.Vsd p 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 % 80 60 40 20 c % iec99000202 v1 en figure 103: reduced reach due to the expected sub-harmonic oscillations at different degrees of compensation c l x c degree of compensation x æ ö = ç ÷ ç ÷ è ø equation1894 v1 en (equation 78) x c is the reactance of the series...

  • Page 213

    Reactive reach compensated lines with the capacitor into the zone 1 reach : x c a x lloc x l b en07000063.Vsd iec07000063 v1 en figure 104: simplified single line diagram of series capacitor located at x lloc ohm from a station 1mrk 506 369-uus - section 8 impedance protection line distance protecti...

  • Page 214

    Jx r x c z s x 1 r v r fw r rv z s en06000584-2.Vsd x lloc x 1 f w x c x line - x c iec06000584 v2 en figure 105: measured impedance at voltage inversion forward direction: where x lloc equals line reactance up to the series capacitor(in the picture approximate 33% of xline) x1 is set to (xlindex-xc...

  • Page 215

    When the calculation of xfw gives a negative value the zone 1 must be permanently blocked. For protection on non compensated lines facing series capacitor on next line. The setting is thus: • x1 is set to (xline-xc · k) · p/100. • k equals side infeed factor at next busbar. When the calculation of x...

  • Page 216

    The safety factor of 1.5 appears due to speed requirements and possible under reaching caused by the sub harmonic oscillations. The increased reach related to the one used in non compensated system is recommended for all protections in the vicinity of series capacitors to compensate for delay in the...

  • Page 217

    X 0e x 0 x m0 + = equation554 v1 en (equation 80) check the reduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the zero sequence mutual coupling. The reach is reduced for a factor: 0 0 1 2 1 0 m f z k z z r = - × + + equation1426 v1 en (equation 81) if the denominator in equation 8...

  • Page 218

    8.1.3.7 setting of reach in resistive direction set the resistive reach independently for each zone, and separately for phase-to-phase (r1pp), and phase-to-ground loop (r1pg) measurement. Set separately the expected fault resistance for phase-to-phase faults (r1pp) and for the phase-to-ground faults...

  • Page 219

    2 loa d min z v s = equation1718 v1 en (equation 90) where: v is the minimum phase-to-phase voltage in kv s is the maximum apparent power in mva. The load impedance [Ω/phase] is a function of the minimum operation voltage and the maximum load current: min loa d ma x z v 3 i = × equation1719 v1 en (e...

  • Page 220

    Min 2 1 0 0.8 cos sin 2 1 0 load r r rfpg z x x × + £ × × ¶ - × ¶ × + é ù ê ú ë û equation1721 v2 en (equation 93) where: ϑ is a maximum load-impedance angle, related to the minimum load impedance conditions. To avoid load encroachment for the phase-to-phase measuring elements, the set resistive rea...

  • Page 221

    The default setting of iminpupp and iminpupg is 20% of ibase where ibase is the chosen base current for the analog input channels. The value has been proven in practice to be suitable in most of the applications. However, there might be applications where it is necessary to increase the sensitivity ...

  • Page 222

    8.2.2 application the operation of transmission networks today is in many cases close to the stability limit. The ability to accurately and reliably classify the different types of fault, so that single pole tripping and autoreclosing can be used plays an important role in this matter. Phase selecti...

  • Page 223

    Direction, rfltfwdpg and rfltrevpg for phase-to-ground faults and rfltrevpp and rfltrevpp for phase-to-phase faults have to be increased to avoid that fdpspdis (21) characteristic shall cut off some part of the zone characteristic. The necessary increased setting of the fault resistance coverage can...

  • Page 224

    R x 60° 60° 1 2 3 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 4 iec09000043_1_en.Vsd w ( / loop) w ( / loop) 4 3 5 iec09000043 v1 en figure 106: relation between distance protection phase selection (fdpspdis) (21) and impedance zone (zmqpdis) (21) for phase-to-ground fault φloop>60° (setting parameters in italic) 1 fdpspdis ...

  • Page 225

    Reactive reach the reactive reach in forward direction must as minimum be set to cover the measuring zone used in the teleprotection schemes, mostly zone 2. Equation 97 and equation 98 gives the minimum recommended reactive reach. Phs zm x1 1.44 x1 ³ × equation1309 v1 en (equation 97) phs zm x0 1.44...

  • Page 226

    Resistive reach the resistive reach in reverse direction must be set longer than the longest reverse zones. In blocking schemes it must be set longer than the overreaching zone at remote end that is used in the communication scheme. In equation 100 the index zmrv references the specific zone to be c...

  • Page 227

    R x 60° 60° 1 2 3 5 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 w ( / phase) iec09000257_1_en.Vsd w ( / phase) 5 3 8 4 8 iec09000257 v1 en figure 107: relation between distance protection (zmqpdis) (21) and fdpspdis (21) characteristic for phase-to-phase fault for φline>60° (setting parameters in italic) 1 fdpspdis (phase se...

  • Page 228

    8 x1 zm 8.2.3.2 resistive reach with load encroachment characteristic the procedure for calculating the settings for the load encroachment consist basically to define the load angle ldangle, the blinder rldfwd in forward direction and blinder rldrev in reverse direction, as shown in figure 108 . R x...

  • Page 229

    The resistive boundary rldrev for load encroachment characteristic in reverse direction can be calculated in the same way as rldfwd, but use maximum importing power that might occur instead of maximum exporting power and the relevant vmin voltage for this condition. 8.2.3.3 minimum operate currents ...

  • Page 230

    8.3.2 application sub-transmission networks are being extended and often become more and more complex, consisting of a high number of multi-circuit and/or multi terminal lines of very different lengths. These changes in the network will normally impose more stringent demands on the fault clearing eq...

  • Page 231

    Where: va is the phase-to-ground voltage (kv) in the faulty phase before fault z 1 is the positive sequence impedance (Ω/phase) z 2 is the negative sequence impedance (Ω/phase), is considered to be equal to z 1 z 0 is the zero sequence impedance (Ω/phase) z f is the fault impedance (Ω), often resist...

  • Page 232

    Where r 0 is the zero sequence source resistance x 0 is the zero sequence source reactance r 1 is the positive sequence source resistance x 1 is the positive sequence source reactance the magnitude of the ground-fault current in effectively grounded networks is high enough for impedance measuring el...

  • Page 233

    1 3 l c w w = × × equation1272 v1 en (equation 109) ansi05000216 v2 en figure 110: high impedance grounded network the operation of high impedance grounded networks is different compared to solid grounded networks where all major faults have to be cleared very fast. In high impedance grounded networ...

  • Page 234

    A a b a l f a a v i i z p z r i i + = = × + × equation1274 v2 en (equation 111) the infeed factor (i a +i b )/i a can be very high, 10-20 depending on the differences in source impedances at local and remote end. 21 zl 21 es a v a va a b es b i a i b r f p*zl (1-p)*zl z sa z sb en05000217_ansi.Vsd a...

  • Page 235

    Encroachment, quadrilateral characteristic function (fdpspdis, 21), the resistive blinder for the zone measurement can be expanded according to the figure 112 given higher fault resistance coverage without risk for unwanted operation due to load encroachment. This is valid in both directions. The us...

  • Page 236

    In short line applications, the major concern is to get sufficient fault resistance coverage. Load encroachment is not so common. The line length that can be recognized as a short line is not a fixed length; it depends on system parameters such as voltage and source impedance, see table 19 . Table 1...

  • Page 237

    The ied's ability to set resistive and reactive reach independent for positive and zero sequence fault loops and individual fault resistance settings for phase-to-phase and phase- to-ground fault together with load encroachment algorithm improves the possibility to detect high resistive faults at th...

  • Page 238

    It can be shown from analytical calculations of line impedances that the mutual impedances for positive and negative sequence are very small ( impedance and it is a practice to neglect them. From an application point of view there exists three types of network configurations (classes) that must be c...

  • Page 239

    Parallel line in service this type of application is very common and applies to all normal sub-transmission and transmission networks. Let us analyze what happens when a fault occurs on the parallel line see figure 114 . From symmetrical components, we can derive the impedance z at the relay point f...

  • Page 240

    A b c z 0m z 0m z 0 - z 0m z 0 - iec09000253_1_en.Vsd iec09000253 v1 en figure 115: equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit of the double-circuit, parallel, operating line with a single phase-to-ground fault at the remote busbar when mutual coupling is introduced, the voltage at the relay point a...

  • Page 241

    ( ) 0 0 p 3 3 = 1 + a l ph n nm p v z i k i k i × × + × equation1278 v4 en (equation 115) one can also notice that the following relationship exists between the zero sequence currents: 3 0 3 0 0 2 0 i z i z p l p l ⋅ = ⋅ − ( ) equation1279 v3 en (equation 116) simplification of equation 116 , solvin...

  • Page 242

    Z0m a b 21 21 en05000222_ansi.Vsd closed closed open open ansi05000222 v1 en figure 116: the parallel line is out of service and grounded when the parallel line is out of service and grounded at both line ends on the bus bar side of the line cts so that zero sequence current can flow on the parallel...

  • Page 243

    R r x r x e m 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 = ⋅ + + document11520-img3502 v2 en (equation 120) x x x r x e m 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 = ⋅ − + document11520-img3503 v2 en (equation 121) parallel line out of service and not grounded z0m a open 21 21 en05000223_ansi.Vsd closed open closed b ansi05000223 v1 en figure 118:...

  • Page 244

    A b c iec09000255_1_en.Vsd i 0 i 0 z 0m z 0 - z 0m z 0m z 0 - iec09000255 v1 en figure 119: equivalent zero-sequence impedance circuit for a double-circuit line with one circuit disconnected and not grounded the reduction of the reach is equal to equation 122 . ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 1 ...

  • Page 245

    Ensure that the underreaching zones from both line ends will overlap a sufficient amount (at least 10%) in the middle of the protected circuit. 8.3.2.7 tapped line application c a b bc ansi05000224-2-en.Vsd ansi05000224 v2 en figure 120: example of tapped line with auto transformer this application ...

  • Page 246

    A c 2 c trf ct tb c i i v2 z z (z z ) ( ) v1 i + = + + × × equation1714 v1 en (equation 128) where: z at and z ct is the line impedance from the a respective c station to the t point. I a and i c is fault current from a respective c station for fault between t and b. V2/v1 transformation ratio for t...

  • Page 247

    1.4 28707 l rarc i × = equation1456 v1 en (equation 129) where: l represents the length of the arc (in meters). This equation applies for the distance protection zone 1. Consider approximately three times arc foot spacing for the zone 2 and to give extra margin to the influence of wind speed and tem...

  • Page 248

    8.3.3.2 setting of zone 1 the different errors mentioned earlier usually require a limitation of the underreaching zone (normally zone 1) to 75 - 90% of the protected line. In case of parallel lines, consider the influence of the mutual coupling according to section "parallel line application with m...

  • Page 249

    Z v i z i i i z i i i i r z i i z af a a ac a c a cf a c b a f ac c a c = = + + ⋅ + + + ⋅ = + +  ⋅ 1 f f c b a f i i i r + + +  ⋅ 1 equation302 v5 en (equation 130) a b 21 c i a ib z ac z cb z cf ia+ ib ansi05000457-2-en.Vsd f ansi05000457 v2 en figure 121: setting of overreaching zone 8.3.3.4 set...

  • Page 250

    8.3.3.5 setting of zones for parallel line application parallel line in service – setting of zone 1 with reference to section "parallel line applications" , the zone reach can be set to 85% of the protected line. However, influence of mutual impedance has to be taken into account. Parallel line in s...

  • Page 251

    ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 0 im im 0 re im x m b k b b × = + equation1428 v2 en (equation 136) parallel line is out of service and grounded in both ends apply the same measures as in the case with a single set of setting parameters. This means that an underreaching zone must not overreach the end of a prot...

  • Page 252

    Setting of the resistive reach for the underreaching zone 1 should follow the condition to minimize the risk for overreaching: rfpezx 4.5 x1zx iecequation2305 v2 en (equation 141) the fault resistance for phase-to-phase faults is normally quite low, compared to the fault resistance for phase-to-grou...

  • Page 253

    Minimum voltage v min and maximum current i max are related to the same operating conditions. Minimum load impedance occurs normally under emergency conditions. As a safety margin is required to avoid load encroachment under three- phase conditions and to guarantee correct healthy phase ied operatio...

  • Page 254

    Set the fault resistance coverage rfrwpp and rfrwpg to the same value as in forward direction, if that suits the application. All this is applicable for all measuring zones when no power swing detection function zmrpsb (78) is activated in the ied. Use an additional safety margin of approximately 20...

  • Page 255

    For the ab element, the equation in forward direction is according to. 1 2 1 2 1 2 0.8 1 0.2 1 arg re l l l l m l l v v argdir argneg s i × + × - equation1553 v2 en (equation 150) where: angdir is the setting for the lower boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set to 15 (= -...

  • Page 256

    R x angdir angnegres en05000722_ansi.Vsd ansi05000722 v1 en figure 122: setting angles for discrimination of forward and reverse fault in directional impedance quadrilateral function zdrdir (21d) the reverse directional characteristic is equal to the forward characteristic rotated by 180 degrees. Th...

  • Page 257

    8.3.3.11 setting of timers for distance protection zones the required time delays for different distance protection zones are independent of each other . Distance protection zone 1 can also have a time delay, if so required for selectivity reasons. Time delays for all zones can be set in a range of ...

  • Page 258

    8.4.2.2 system grounding the type of system grounding plays an important role when designing the protection system. In the following some hints with respect to distance protection are highlighted. Solid grounded networks in solid grounded systems the transformer neutrals are connected solidly to gro...

  • Page 259

    The voltage on the healthy phases is generally lower than 140% of the nominal phase-to- ground voltage. This corresponds to about 80% of the nominal phase-to-phase voltage. The high zero-sequence current in solid grounded networks makes it possible to use impedance measuring technique to detect grou...

  • Page 260

    Way as for solid grounded networks, distance protection has limited possibilities to detect high resistance faults and should therefore always be complemented with other protection function(s) that can carry out the fault clearance in this case. High impedance grounded networks in high impedance net...

  • Page 261

    Iec05000216 v2 en figure 124: high impedance grounding network the operation of high impedance grounded networks is different compared to solid grounded networks where all major faults have to be cleared very fast. In high impedance grounded networks, some system operators do not clear single phase-...

  • Page 262

    A a b a l f a a v i i z p z r i i + = = × + × equation1274 v2 en (equation 158) the infeed factor (i a +i b )/i a can be very high, 10-20 depending on the differences in source impedances at local and remote end. 21 zl e sa v a v b a b e sb i a i b r f p*zl (1-p)*zl z sa z sb 21 ansi11000086_1_en.Vs...

  • Page 263

    Jx r load load load load jx r load load load load no operation en06000403.Vsd iec06000403 v1 en figure 126: load encroachment phenomena and shaped load encroachment characteristic the faulty phase identification with load encroachment for mho (fmpspdis, 21) function shapes the characteristic accordi...

  • Page 264

    R x rld rld ldangle ldangle ldangle ldangle en06000404_ansi.Vsd ansi06000404 v1 en figure 127: load encroachment of faulty phase identification with load encroachment for mho function fmpspdis (21) characteristic the use of the load encroachment feature is essential for long heavy loaded lines, wher...

  • Page 265

    In short line applications, the major concern is to get sufficient fault resistance coverage. Load encroachment is not so common. The line length that can be recognized as a short line is not a fixed length; it depends on system parameters such as voltage and source impedance, see table 19 . Table 2...

  • Page 266

    Increase the security but might also lower the dependability since the blinder might cut off a larger part of the operating area of the circle (see to the right of figure 126 ). It is recommended to use at least one of the load discrimination functions for long heavy loaded transmission lines. 8.4.2...

  • Page 267

    Mutual induction on three-phase transmission lines in case of three phase lines, mutual coupling in the positive and negative sequence components is relatively weak and can be neglected. These are of the order of 5% of the related self-impedance for non-transposed and lower than 3% for transposed li...

  • Page 268

    1. Class 1: parallel line with common positive and zero-sequence network 2. Class 2: parallel circuits with common positive but isolated or separated zero- sequence network 3. Class 3: parallel circuits with positive and zero-sequence sources isolated or separated. One example of class 3 networks co...

  • Page 269

    I g ground current of faulty line k n is ground compensation factor for single circuit set at the relay given by equation 0 1 1 3 n z z k z = - × iecequation14005 v1 en (equation 162) the short circuit voltage can be calculated as: v z z z i z i z i z z z i z z i ph ph g m gp ph g m g i = ⋅ + − ⋅ + ...

  • Page 270

    Where: i g ground current of faulty line i gp is ground current of the parallel line z 1 is line positive sequence impedance k n is earth compensation factor for single circuit set at the relay given by equation z 0m is the zero sequence mutual coupling between the faulted and the parallel line 0 1 ...

  • Page 271

    • different setting values that influence the ground-return compensation for different distance zones within the same group of setting parameters. • different groups of setting parameters for different operating conditions of a protected multi circuit line. 8.4.2.8 tapped line application a b 21 21 ...

  • Page 272

    2 a c c trf ct tf c i i v2 z z z z i v1 + = + + × × æ ö æ ö ç ÷ ç ÷ è ø è ø ansiequation-1750 v1 en (equation 170) where z at and z ct is the line impedance from the a respective c station to the t point. I a and i c is fault current from a respective c station for fault between t and b. V2/v1 trans...

  • Page 273

    • errors introduced by current and voltage instrument transformers, particularly under transient conditions. • inaccuracies in the line zero-sequence impedance data, and their effect on the calculated value of the ground-return compensation factor. • the effect of infeed between the ied and the faul...

  • Page 274

    By proper setting it is possible to compensate for the cases when the parallel line is in operation, out of service and not earthed and out of service and earthed in both ends. 8.4.3.3 setting of zone 2 zone 2 distance elements must be set according to the following criteria: • zone 2 should overrea...

  • Page 275

    Parallel line in service setting of zones for parallel line application the distance protection zone reaches vary with the switching state of the parallel line configuration. Below the configurations and the corresponding formulas for the reach calculation are given for the most important cases. In ...

  • Page 276

    Case 2: parallel line switched off and not earthed or earthed at one line end ansi13000256 v1 en figure 132: parallel line is out of service and not earthed 0 1 1 1 1 1 3 n z x z k z z z + = × + - × iecequation14012 v1 en (equation 174) case 3: both lines in service 0m ansi13000257-1-en.Vsd x ph-g a...

  • Page 277

    The mutual impedance will influence the distance measurement of ground faults and cause either an extension or a reduction of the reach relative to the set reach. The maximum overreach will occur when the parallel line is out of service and grounded at both ends. During a ground fault, a counteracti...

  • Page 278

    0 1 0 1 1 0 3 m n nm k z z z k z z = - - iecequation14018 v1 en (equation 176) this k n1 setting for zone 1 only affects the reach for ground faults while the reach for two and three-phase faults are unaffected. For case 2, when the parallel line is out of operation but not grounded, the zone 1 nomi...

  • Page 279

    0 1 2 1 3 n nm k z z k z = - - iecequation14019 v1 en (equation 179) for case 1, the measured impedance can be calculated by the following expression: 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 ( 1 ) 3 n m nm z x z k z z z k z z + = × + - - × iecequation14017 v1 en (equation 180) for case 2, the measured impedance can be calc...

  • Page 280

    With this method of setting the zero sequence compensation factor k n can for zone 1 and zone 2 be even better adapted for the real system conditions. The table describes ground fault compensation settings to be adopted for different groups. Table 23: different groups of settings group operation mod...

  • Page 281

    2 min v zload s = equation1753-ansi v1 en (equation 183) where: v is the minimum phase-to-phase voltage in kv s is the maximum apparent power in mva. The load impedance [Ω/phase] is a function of the minimum operation voltage and the maximum load current: min max 3 i v zload = × equation1754-ansi v1...

  • Page 283

    8.4.3.8 load impedance limitation, with load encroachment function activated the parameters for load encroachment shaping of the characteristic are found in the description of faulty phase identification with load encroachment for mho (fmpspdis), refer to section "load encroachment characteristics" ...

  • Page 284

    Function of each particular zone can be inhibited by setting the corresponding operation parameter to offdisable-zone. Different time delays are possible for the phase-to-groundtlg and for the phase-to-phase tpp measuring loops in each distance protection zone separately, to further increase the tot...

  • Page 285

    The distance protection function in ied is designed to meet basic requirements for application on transmission and sub transmission lines (solid grounded systems) although it also can be used on distribution levels. 8.5.2.2 system grounding the type of system grounding plays an important roll when d...

  • Page 286

    The voltage on the healthy phases is generally lower than 140% of the nominal phase-to- ground voltage. This corresponds to about 80% of the nominal phase-to-phase voltage. The high zero sequence current in solid grounded networks makes it possible to use impedance measuring technique to detect grou...

  • Page 287

    High impedance grounded networks in high impedance networks the neutral of the system transformers are connected to the ground through high impedance, mostly a reactance in parallel with a high resistor. This type of network is many times operated in radial, but can also be found operating meshed. T...

  • Page 288

    Iec05000216 v2 en figure 136: high impedance grounding network the operation of high impedance grounded networks is different compare to solid grounded networks where all major faults have to be cleared very fast. In high impedance grounded networks, some system operators do not clear single phase-t...

  • Page 289

    A a b a l f a a v i i z p z r i i + = = × + × equation1274 v2 en (equation 194) the infeed factor (ia+ib)/ia can be very high, 10-20 depending on the differences in source impedances at local and remote end. Z zl z es a v a va a b es b i a i b r f p*zl (1-p)*zl z sa z sb en05000217.Vsd iec05000217 v...

  • Page 290

    The use of the load encroachment feature is essential for long heavy loaded lines, where there might be a conflict between the necessary emergency load transfer and necessary sensitivity of the distance protection. Zmmpdis (21) function can also preferably be used on heavy loaded medium long lines. ...

  • Page 291

    To-ground fault together with load encroachment algorithm improves the possibility to detect high resistive faults without conflict with the load impedance, see figure 138 . For very short line applications the underreaching zone 1 can not be used due to that the voltage drop distribution through ou...

  • Page 292

    Or more. The reason to the introduced error in measuring due to mutual coupling is the zero sequence voltage inversion that occurs. It can be shown from analytical calculations of line impedances that the mutual impedances for positive and negative sequence are very small ( impedance and it is pract...

  • Page 293

    1. Parallel line in service. 2. Parallel line out of service and grounded. 3. Parallel line out of service and not grounded. Parallel line in service this type of application is very common and applies to all normal sub-transmission and transmission networks. A simplified single line diagram is show...

  • Page 294

    A b c z0m z0 z0 m - z0 z0 m - 99000038.Vsd iec99000038 v1 en figure 140: equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit of the double-circuit, parallel, operating line with a single phase-to-ground fault at the remote busbar when mutual coupling is introduced, the voltage at the ied point a will be chan...

  • Page 295

    When the parallel line is out of service and grounded at both ends on the bus bar side of the line ct so that zero sequence current can flow on the parallel line, the equivalent zero sequence circuit of the parallel lines will be according to figure 141 . Z z 0 m0 z z 0 m0 zm0 a b c 99000039.Vsd i 0...

  • Page 296

    Parallel line out of service and not grounded z0m a b z z en05000223.Vsd iec05000223 v1 en figure 143: parallel line is out of service and not grounded. When the parallel line is out of service and not grounded, the zero sequence on that line can only flow through the line admittance to the ground. ...

  • Page 297

    This means that the reach is reduced in reactive and resistive directions. If the real and imaginary components of the constant a are equal to equation 200 and equation 201 . Re( ) 0 (2 1 0 3 ) 0 ( 0 2 1) a r r r rf x x x = × × + + × - × + × equation1285 v1 en (equation 200) 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 im( ) (2 3...

  • Page 298

    A b z z z c t i c i a i b -i b en05000224.Vsd document11524-img869 v1 en figure 145: example of tapped line with auto transformer this application gives rise to similar problem that was highlighted in section "fault infeed from remote end" that is, increased measured impedance due to fault current i...

  • Page 299

    For this example with a fault between t and b, the measured impedance from the t point to the fault will be increased by a factor defined as the sum of the currents from t point to the fault divided by the ied current. For the ied at c, the impedance on the high voltage side u1 has to be transferred...

  • Page 300

    8.5.3 setting guidelines 8.5.3.1 general the settings for the full-scheme distance protection, quadrilateral for earth faults (zmmpdis, 21) function are done in primary values. The instrument transformer ratio that has been set for the analogue input card is used to automatically convert the measure...

  • Page 301

    Adjacent lines at remote end are considerable higher than the fault current at the ied location. The setting shall generally not exceed 80% of the following impedances: • the impedance corresponding to the protected line, plus the first zone reach of the shortest adjacent line. • the impedance corre...

  • Page 302

    Covers the overreaching zone, used at the remote line ied for the telecommunication purposes. Consider the possible enlarging factor that might exist due to fault infeed from adjacent lines. Equation 208 can be used to calculate the reach in reverse direction when the zone is used for blocking schem...

  • Page 303

    Check the reduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the zero sequence mutual coupling. The reach is reduced for a factor: 0 0 1 2 1 0 m f z k z z r = - × + + equation1426 v1 en (equation 211) if the denominator in equation 211 is called b and z0m is simplified to x0m, then...

  • Page 304

    Set separately the expected fault resistance for the phase-to-ground faults (rfpe) for each zone. Set all remaining reach setting parameters independently of each other for each distance zone. The final reach in resistive direction for phase-to-ground fault loop measurement automatically follows the...

  • Page 305

    Min max 3 load v z i = × equation1781-ansi v1 en (equation 220) minimum voltage v min and maximum current imax are related to the same operating conditions. Minimum load impedance occurs normally under emergency conditions. Because a safety margin is required to avoid load encroachment under three-p...

  • Page 306

    Reach with load encroachment characteristic" . If the characteristic for the impedance measurement shall be shaped with the load encroachment algorithm, the parameter operationldcmp in the phase selection has to be switched on. 8.5.3.9 setting of minimum operating currents the operation of the dista...

  • Page 307

    8.6.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number additional distance protection directional function for earth faults zdardir s00346 v1 en - 8.6.2 application the phase-to-ground impedance elements can be supervised by a phase ...

  • Page 308

    In general the zero sequence voltage is higher than the negative sequence voltage at the fault, but decreases more rapidly the further away from the fault it is measured. This makes the -v 0 polarization preferable in short line applications, where no mutual coupling problems exist. Negative sequenc...

  • Page 309

    Intended for use in applications where the zero sequence voltage can be too small to be used as the polarizing quantity, and there is no zero sequence polarizing current (transformer neutral current) available. The zero sequence voltage is “boosted” by a portion of the measured line zero sequence cu...

  • Page 310

    In the pilot channel blocking scheme a fault inception detected by a fast acting change detector is used to send a block signal to the remote end in order to block an overreaching zone. If the fault is later detected as a forward fault the earlier sent blocking signal is stopped. The blocking scheme...

  • Page 311

    Iminop: the minimum operate current for the sir measurement is by default set to 20% of ibase. 8.8 faulty phase identification with load encroachment fmpspdis (21) 8.8.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number faulty phase i...

  • Page 312

    8.8.3 setting guidelines globalbasesel: selects the global base value group used by the function to define ibase, vbase and sbase as applicable. Inrelpg: the setting of inrelpg for release of the phase-to-ground loop is by default set to 20% of ibase. The default setting is suitable in most applicat...

  • Page 313

    Max 3 s iload vlmn = × equation1615-ansi v1 en (equation 226) where: smax is the maximal apparent power transfer during emergency conditions and vlmn is the phase-to-phase voltage during the emergency conditions at the ied location. 8.8.3.1 load encroachment the load encroachment function has two se...

  • Page 314

    2 min v zload s = equation1753-ansi v1 en (equation 228) where: v is the minimum phase-to-phase voltage in kv s is the maximum apparent power in mva. The load angle ldangle can be derived according to equation 229 : max cos max p ldangle a s æ ö = ç ÷ è ø equation1623-ansi v1 en (equation 229) where...

  • Page 315

    8.9.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number distance protection zone, quadrilateral characteristic, separate settings (zone 1) zmrpdis s00346 v1 en 21 distance protection zone, quadrilateral characteristic, separate settin...

  • Page 316

    Ansi05000215 v2 en figure 148: solidly grounded network. The ground-fault current is as high or even higher than the short-circuit current. The series impedances determine the magnitude of the fault current. The shunt admittance has very limited influence on the ground-fault current. The shunt admit...

  • Page 317

    Effectively grounded networks a network is defined as effectively grounded if the ground-fault factor f e is less than 1.4. The ground-fault factor is defined according to equation 25 . Max e pn v f v = ansiequation1268 v1 en (equation 232) where: v max is the highest fundamental frequency voltage o...

  • Page 318

    This type of network is many times operated in radial, but can also be found operating meshed networks. What is typical for this type of network is that the magnitude of the ground fault current is very low compared to the short circuit current. The voltage on the healthy phases will get a magnitude...

  • Page 319

    Grounded networks, some system operators do not clear single phase-to- ground faults immediately; they clear the line later when it is more convenient. In case of cross-country faults, many network operators want to selectively clear one of the two ground-faults. To handle this type phenomena, a sep...

  • Page 320

    21 zl 21 es a v a va a b es b i a i b r f p*zl (1-p)*zl z sa z sb en05000217_ansi.Vsd ansi05000217 v1 en figure 150: influence of fault current infeed from remote line end the effect of fault current infeed from remote line end is one of the most driving factors for justify complementary protection ...

  • Page 321

    Loaded medium long lines. For short lines, the major concern is to get sufficient fault resistance coverage and load encroachment is not a major problem. So, for short lines, the load encroachment function could preferably be switched off. See section "load impedance limitation, without load encroac...

  • Page 322

    The ied's ability to set resistive and reactive reach independent for positive and zero sequence fault loops and individual fault resistance settings for phase-to-phase and phase- to-ground fault together with load encroachment algorithm improves the possibility to detect high resistive faults witho...

  • Page 323

    Parallel lines introduce an error in the measurement due to the mutual coupling between the parallel lines. The lines need not be of the same voltage in order to experience mutual coupling, and some coupling exists even for lines that are separated by 100 meters or more. The mutual coupling does inf...

  • Page 324

    The three most common operation modes are: 1. Parallel line in service. 2. Parallel line out of service and grounded. 3. Parallel line out of service and not grounded. Parallel line in service this type of application is very common and applies to all normal sub-transmission and transmission network...

  • Page 325

    Z0m a b 21 21 en05000221_ansi.Vsd fault ansi05000221 v1 en figure 152: class 1, parallel line in service. The equivalent zero sequence circuit of the lines can be simplified, see figure 115 . A b c z 0m z 0m z 0 - z 0m z 0 - iec09000253_1_en.Vsd iec09000253 v1 en figure 153: equivalent zero sequence...

  • Page 326

    The second part in the parentheses is the error introduced to the measurement of the line impedance. If the current on the parallel line has negative sign compared to the current on the protected line, that is, the current on the parallel line has an opposite direction compared to the current on the...

  • Page 327

    Calculation for a 400 kv line, where we for simplicity have excluded the resistance, gives with x1l=0.48 ohm/mile, x0l=1.4ohms/mile, zone 1 reach is set to 90% of the line reactance p=71% that is, the protection is underreaching with approximately 20%. The zero sequence mutual coupling can reduce th...

  • Page 328

    2 2 0 0 om e z z z z - = equation2002 v4 en (equation 246) the influence on the distance measurement will be a considerable overreach, which must be considered when calculating the settings. It is recommended to use a separate setting group for this operation condition since it will reduce the reach...

  • Page 329

    When the parallel line is out of service and not grounded, the zero sequence on that line can only flow through the line admittance to the ground. The line admittance is high which limits the zero sequence current on the parallel line to very low values. In practice, the equivalent zero sequence imp...

  • Page 330

    This application gives rise to similar problem that was highlighted in section "fault infeed from remote end" , that is increased measured impedance due to fault current infeed. For example, for faults between the t point and b station the measured impedance at a and c will be z a =z at + ·z tf i a ...

  • Page 331

    Zone 1 settings, that is without selectivity conflicts. Careful fault calculations are necessary to determine suitable settings and selection of proper scheme communication. Fault resistance the performance of distance protection for single phase-to-ground faults is very important, because normally ...

  • Page 332

    • errors introduced by current and voltage instrument transformers, particularly under transient conditions. • inaccuracies in the line zero sequence impedance data, and their effect on the calculated value of the ground-return compensation factor. • the effect of infeed between the ied and the faul...

  • Page 333

    If any of the above indicates a zone 2 reach less than 120%, the time delay of zone 2 must be increased by approximately 200ms to avoid unwanted operation in cases when the telecommunication for the short adjacent line at remote end is down during faults. The zone 2 must not be reduced below 120% of...

  • Page 334

    Rem l 1.2 z2 z - rev z ³ × equation2314 v1 en (equation 253) where: z l is the protected line impedance z2 rem is zone 2 setting at remote end of protected line. In many applications it might be necessary to consider the enlarging factor due to fault current infeed from adjacent lines in the reverse...

  • Page 335

    0 0 1 2 1 0 m f z k z z r = - × + + equation1426 v1 en (equation 256) if the denominator in equation 134 is called b and z0m is simplified to x0m, then the real and imaginary part of the reach reduction factor for the overreaching zones can be written as: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 0 re re 0 1 re im x m b ...

  • Page 336

    The final reach in resistive direction for phase-to-ground fault loop measurement automatically follows the values of the line-positive and zero-sequence resistance, and at the end of the protected zone is equal to equation 139 . ( ) 1 r 2 r1 r0 rfpg 3 = × + + ansiequation2303 v1 en (equation 261) 2...

  • Page 337

    2 loa d min z v s = equation1718 v1 en (equation 265) where: v is the minimum phase-to-phase voltage in kv s is the maximum apparent power in mva. The load impedance [Ω/phase] is a function of the minimum operation voltage and the maximum load current: min loa d ma x z v 3 i = × equation1719 v1 en (...

  • Page 338

    Min 2 1 0 0.8 cos sin 2 1 0 load r r rfpg z x x × + £ × × ¶ - × ¶ × + é ù ê ú ë û equation1721 v2 en (equation 268) where: ∂ is a maximum load-impedance angle, related to the maximum load power. To avoid load encroachment for the phase-to-phase measuring elements, the set resistive reach of any dist...

  • Page 339

    The default setting of iminpupp and iminpupg is 20% of ibase where ibase is the chosen current for the analogue input channels. The value has been proven in practice to be suitable in most of the applications. However, there might be applications where it is necessary to increase the sensitivity by ...

  • Page 340

    Accurately select the proper fault loop in the distance measuring function depending on the fault type. The heavy load transfer that is common in many transmission networks may in some cases be in opposite to the wanted fault resistance coverage. Therefore, the function has a built in algorithm for ...

  • Page 341

    R x rldfwd rldrev ldangle ldangle ldangle ldangle en05000196_ansi.Vsd ansi05000196 v1 en figure 160: characteristic of load encroachment function the influence of load encroachment function on the operation characteristic is dependent on the chosen operation mode of the frpspdis (21) function. When ...

  • Page 342

    R x phselz dlecnd r x ansi10000099-1-en.Vsd ansi10000099 v1 en figure 161: operating characteristic when load encroachment is activated when the "phase selection" is set to operate together with a distance measuring zone the resultant operate characteristic could look something like in figure 162 . ...

  • Page 343

    R x distance measuring zone directional line load encroachment characteristic "phase selection" "quadrilateral" zone en05000673.Vsd iec05000673 v1 en figure 162: operation characteristic in forward direction when load encroachment is enabled figure 162 is valid for phase-to-ground. During a three-ph...

  • Page 344

    R x distance measuring zone phase selection ”quadrilateral” zone (ohm/phase) (ohm/phase) en05000674.Vsd iec05000674 v1 en figure 163: operation characteristic for frpspdis (21) in forward direction for three-phase fault, ohm/phase domain the result from rotation of the load characteristic at a fault...

  • Page 345

    R x iec08000437.Vsd iec08000437 v1 en figure 164: rotation of load characteristic for a fault between two phases this rotation may seem a bit awkward, but there is a gain in selectivity by using the same measurement as for the quadrilateral characteristic since not all phase-to-phase loops will be f...

  • Page 346

    L l x1 arctan r1 + j = + xn rn equation2115 v1 en (equation 271) but in some applications, for instance cable lines, the angle of the loop might be less than the set angle. In these applications, the settings of fault resistance coverage in forward and reverse direction, rfltfwdpg and rfltrevpg for ...

  • Page 347

    Rfpg zm x1 zm +xn zm x1 zm +xn zm rfpg zm r1 zm +rn rfpg zm rfpg zm r x phs zm 90° r1 zm +rn x1 phs +xn phs x1 phs +xn phs rffwdpg phs rfrevpg phs loop φ loop φ ansi08000435-1-en.Vsd (ohm/loop) 1 phs phs r pg rn + (minimum setting) 0 1 3 phs phs phs r pg r pg rn - = ansi08000435 v1 en figure 165: re...

  • Page 348

    Phs zm x0 1.44 x0 ³ × equation1310 v1 en (equation 273) where: x1 zm is the reactive reach for the zone to be covered by frpspdis (21), and the constant 1.44 is a safety margin x0 zm is the zero-sequence reactive reach for the zone to be covered by frpspdis (21) the reactive reach in reverse directi...

  • Page 349

    Resistive reach the resistive reach in reverse direction must be set longer than the longest reverse zones. In blocking schemes it must be set longer than the overreaching zone at remote end that is used in the communication scheme. In equation 100 the index zmrv references the specific zone to be c...

  • Page 350

    Where: rfpp zm is the setting of the longest reach of the overreaching zones that must be covered by frpspdis (21). Equation 277 and 278 are is also valid for three-phase fault. The proposed margin of 25% will cater for the risk of cut off of the zone measuring characteristic that might occur at thr...

  • Page 351

    R1 zm x1 zm x1 zm 0.5*rfpp zm r1 zm 0.5*rfpp zm 0.5*rfpp zm 0.5*rfpp pm 0.5*rfpp zm r 70 j ) phase / ( w 70 j phs zm 0.5 rffwdpp × 0.5 re rf vpp × 0.5 re rf vpp × 0.5*rfpp zm ansi08000249-1- en.Vsd tan 70° 1 x phs tan 70° 1 x phs x1 r1pp= r1pp= x ) phase / ( w ansi08000249 v1 en figure 166: relation...

  • Page 352

    8.10.4.1 resistive reach with load encroachment characteristic the procedure for calculating the settings for the load encroachment consist basically to define the load angle ldangle, the blinder rldfwd in forward direction and blinder rldrev in reverse direction, as shown in figure 108 . R x rldfwd...

  • Page 353

    Might occur instead of maximum exporting power and the relevant vmin voltage for this condition. 8.10.4.2 minimum operate currents frpspdis (21) has two current setting parameters, which blocks the respective phase-to- ground loop and phase-to-phase loop if the rms value of the phase current (iln) a...

  • Page 354

    The heavy load transfer that is common in many transmission networks may in some cases be in opposite to the wanted fault resistance coverage. Therefore, the function has a built in algorithm for load encroachment, which gives the possibility to enlarge the resistive setting of both the phase select...

  • Page 355

    Phase-to-ground fault in forward direction with reference to figure 106 , the following equations for the setting calculations can be obtained. Index phs in images and equations reference settings for phase selection with load encroachment function fdpspdis (21) and index zm reference settings for d...

  • Page 356

    R x 60° 60° 1 2 3 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 4 iec09000043_1_en.Vsd w ( / loop) w ( / loop) 4 3 5 iec09000043 v1 en figure 168: relation between distance protection phase selection (fdpspdis) (21) and impedance zone (zmqpdis) (21) for phase-to-ground fault φloop>60° (setting parameters in italic) 1 fdpspdis ...

  • Page 357

    Reactive reach the reactive reach in forward direction must as minimum be set to cover the measuring zone used in the teleprotection schemes, mostly zone 2. Equation 97 and equation 98 gives the minimum recommended reactive reach. Phs zm x1 1.44 x1 ³ × equation1309 v1 en (equation 282) phs zm x0 1.4...

  • Page 358

    Resistive reach the resistive reach in reverse direction must be set longer than the longest reverse zones. In blocking schemes it must be set longer than the overreaching zone at remote end that is used in the communication scheme. In equation 100 the index zmrv references the specific zone to be c...

  • Page 359

    R x 60° 60° 1 2 3 5 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 w ( / phase) iec09000257_1_en.Vsd w ( / phase) 5 3 8 4 8 iec09000257 v1 en figure 169: relation between distance protection (zmqpdis) (21) and fdpspdis (21) characteristic for phase-to-phase fault for φline>60° (setting parameters in italic) 1 fdpspdis (phase se...

  • Page 360

    8 x1 zm 8.11.3.2 resistive reach with load encroachment characteristic the procedure for calculating the settings for the load encroachment consist basically to define the load angle ldangle, the blinder rldfwd in forward direction and blinder rldrev in reverse direction, as shown in figure 108 . R ...

  • Page 361

    The resistive boundary rldrev for load encroachment characteristic in reverse direction can be calculated in the same way as rldfwd, but use maximum importing power that might occur instead of maximum exporting power and the relevant vmin voltage for this condition. 8.11.3.3 minimum operate currents...

  • Page 362

    8.12.2.1 system grounding the type of system grounding plays an important role when designing the protection system. Some hints with respect to distance protection are highlighted below. Solidly grounded networks in solidly grounded systems, the transformer neutrals are connected directly to ground ...

  • Page 363

    The voltage on the healthy phases during line to ground fault is generally lower than 140% of the nominal phase-to-ground voltage. This corresponds to about 80% of the nominal phase-to-phase voltage. The high zero-sequence current in solidly grounded networks makes it possible to use impedance measu...

  • Page 364

    The magnitude of the ground-fault current in effectively grounded networks is high enough for impedance measuring elements to detect ground faults. However, in the same way as for solidly grounded networks, distance protection has limited possibilities to detect high resistance faults and should the...

  • Page 365

    Ansi05000216 v2 en figure 172: high impedance grounded network the operation of high impedance grounded networks is different compared to solid grounded networks, where all major faults have to be cleared very fast. In high impedance grounded networks, some system operators do not clear single phase...

  • Page 366

    A a b a l f a a v i i z p z r i i + = = × + × equation1274 v2 en (equation 296) the infeed factor (i a +i b )/i a can be very high, 10-20 depending on the differences in source impedances at local and remote end. 21 zl 21 es a v a va a b es b i a i b r f p*zl (1-p)*zl z sa z sb en05000217_ansi.Vsd a...

  • Page 367

    Resistance coverage without risk for unwanted operation due to load encroachment. Separate resistive blinder settings are available in forward and reverse direction. The use of the load encroachment feature is essential for long heavily loaded lines, where there might be a conflict between the neces...

  • Page 368

    Table 28: definition of short and very short line line category vn vn 110 kv 500 kv very short line 0.75 -3.5 miles 3-15 miles short line 4-7 miles 15-30 miles the ied's ability to set resistive and reactive reach independent for positive and zero sequence fault loops and individual fault resistance...

  • Page 369

    8.12.2.6 parallel line application with mutual coupling general introduction of parallel lines in the network is increasing due to difficulties to get necessary land to build new lines. Parallel lines introduce an error in the measurement due to the mutual coupling between the parallel lines. The li...

  • Page 370

    Most multi circuit lines have two parallel operating circuits. Parallel line applications this type of networks is defined as those networks where the parallel transmission lines terminate at common nodes at both ends. The three most common operation modes are: 1. Parallel line in service. 2. Parall...

  • Page 371

    Z0m a b 21 21 en05000221_ansi.Vsd fault ansi05000221 v1 en figure 175: class 1, parallel line in service the equivalent circuit of the lines can be simplified, see figure 115 . A b c z 0m z 0m z 0 - z 0m z 0 - iec09000253_1_en.Vsd iec09000253 v1 en figure 176: equivalent zero sequence impedance circ...

  • Page 372

    The second part in the parentheses is the error introduced to the measurement of the line impedance. If the current on the parallel line has negative sign compared to the current on the protected line, that is, the current on the parallel line has an opposite direction compared to the current on the...

  • Page 373

    The zero sequence mutual coupling can reduce the reach of distance protection on the protected circuit when the parallel line is in normal operation. The reduction of the reach is most pronounced with no current infeed in the ied closest to the fault. This reach reduction is normally less than 15%. ...

  • Page 374

    The influence on the distance measurement will be a considerable overreach, which must be considered when calculating the settings. It is recommended to use a separate setting group for this operation condition since it will reduce the reach considerably when the line is in operation. All expression...

  • Page 375

    Distance protection zone is reduced if, due to operating conditions, the equivalent zero sequence impedance is set according to the conditions when the parallel system is out of operation and grounded at both ends. A b c iec09000255_1_en.Vsd i 0 i 0 z 0m z 0 - z 0m z 0m z 0 - iec09000255 v1 en figur...

  • Page 376

    ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 0 2 2 im im re im m u a x k a a × = + é ù é ù ë û ë û equation1288 v2 en (equation 311) ensure that the underreaching zones from both line ends will overlap a sufficient amount (at least 10%) in the middle of the protected circuit. 8.12.2.7 tapped line application c a b bc ansi0500...

  • Page 377

    Z a =z at + ·z tf i a + i c i a document11524-img3509 v3 en (equation 312) a c 2 c trf ct tb c i i v2 z z (z z ) ( ) v1 i + = + + × × equation1714 v1 en (equation 313) where: z at and z ct is the line impedance from the a respective c station to the t point. I a and i c is fault current from a respe...

  • Page 378

    Phase-to-ground faults. At these faults, the fault resistance is composed of three parts: arc resistance, resistance of a tower construction, and tower-footing resistance.The resistance is also depending on the presence of ground shield conductor at the top of the tower, connecting tower-footing res...

  • Page 379

    • the phase impedance of non transposed lines is not identical for all fault loops. The difference between the impedances for different phase-to-ground loops can be as large as 5-10% of the total line impedance. • the effect of a load transfer between the ieds of the protected fault resistance is co...

  • Page 380

    The requirement that the zone 2 shall not reach more than 80% of the shortest adjacent line at remote end is highlighted in the example below. If a fault occurs at point f see figure 121 , the ied at point a senses the impedance: z v i z i i i z i i i i r z i i z af a a ac a c a cf a c b a f ac c a ...

  • Page 381

    In many applications it might be necessary to consider the enlarging factor due to fault current infeed from adjacent lines in the reverse direction in order to obtain certain sensitivity. 8.12.3.5 setting of zones for parallel line application parallel line in service – setting of zone 1 with refer...

  • Page 382

    ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 2 0 im im 0 re im x m b k b b × = + equation1428 v2 en (equation 321) parallel line is out of service and grounded in both ends apply the same measures as in the case with a single set of setting parameters. This means that an underreaching zone must not overreach the end of a prot...

  • Page 383

    Setting of the resistive reach for the underreaching zone 1 should follow the condition to minimize the risk for overreaching: rfpg 4.5 x1 £ × ansiequation2305 v1 en (equation 326) the fault resistance for phase-to-phase faults is normally quite low compared to the fault resistance for phase-to-grou...

  • Page 384

    2 loa d min z v s = equation1718 v1 en (equation 328) where: v the minimum phase-to-phase voltage in kv s the maximum apparent power in mva. The load impedance [Ω/phase] is a function of the minimum operation voltage and the maximum load current: min loa d ma x z v 3 i = × equation1719 v1 en (equati...

  • Page 385

    Min 2 1 0 0.8 cos sin 2 1 0 load r r rfpg z x x × + £ × × ¶ - × ¶ × + é ù ê ú ë û equation1721 v2 en (equation 331) where: ∂ is a maximum load-impedance angle, related to the maximum load power. To avoid load encroachment for the phase-to-phase measuring elements, the set resistive reach of any dist...

  • Page 386

    Phase-to-ground fault, it corresponds to the per-loop impedance, including the ground return impedance. R x rldfwd rldrev ldangle ldangle ldangle ldangle r x rldfwd rldrev ldangle 90% 10% 10% ldangle possible load ldangle ldangle ansi12000176-1-en.Vsd ansi12000176 v1 en figure 183: load impedance li...

  • Page 387

    Both current limits iminoppgzx and iminopppzx are automatically reduced to 75% of regular set values if the zone is set to operate in reverse direction, that is, operationdir is set to reverse. Opmodeppzx and opmodepezx these settings, two per zone (x=1,2..5&rv), with options {off, quadrilateral, mh...

  • Page 388

    Tzx block ppzx pgzx timerlinkszx looplink (tpp-tpg) looplink & zonelink no links lnkz1 false (0) timerlinkszx = looplink & zonelink lnkzrv lnkz2 lnkzx or lnkz3 lnkz4 lnkz5 zonelinkstart puphs phase selection 1st pickup zone lovbz blkzx blktrzx or or or or or and and or and and and timermodezx = enab...

  • Page 389

    3i0enable_pg this setting opens up an opportunity to enable phase-to-ground measurement for phase- to-phase-ground faults. It determines the level of residual current (3i0) above which phase-to-ground measurement is activated (and phase-to-phase measurement is blocked). The relations are defined by ...

  • Page 390

    8.13.2 application sub-transmission networks are being extended and often become more and more complex, consisting of a high number of multi-circuit and/or multi terminal lines of very different lengths. These changes in the network will normally impose more stringent demands on the fault clearing e...

  • Page 391

    A a 0 1 2 0 f 1 n f 3 v 3i z z z 3z z z z v × = = + + + + + equation1710 v2 en (equation 335) where: va is the phase-to-ground voltage (kv) in the faulty phase before fault. Z 1 is the positive sequence impedance (Ω/phase). Z 2 is the negative sequence impedance (Ω/phase). Z 0 is the zero sequence i...

  • Page 392

    0 1 x 3 x equation2122 v1 en (equation 337) 0 1 r r £ equation2123 v1 en (equation 338) where r 0 is the resistive zero sequence of the source x 0 is the reactive zero sequence of the source r 1 is the resistive positive sequence of the source x 1 is the reactive positive sequence of the source the ...

  • Page 393

    A a b a l f a a v i i z p z r i i + = = × + × equation1274 v2 en (equation 340) the infeed factor (i a +i b )/i a can be very high, 10-20 depending on the differences in source impedances at local and remote end. 21 zl 21 es a v a va a b es b i a i b r f p*zl (1-p)*zl z sa z sb en05000217_ansi.Vsd a...

  • Page 394

    Coverage without risk for unwanted operation due to load encroachment. This is valid in both directions. The use of the load encroachment feature is essential for long heavily loaded lines, where there might be a conflict between the necessary emergency load transfer and necessary sensitivity of the...

  • Page 395

    Table 30: definition of short and very short line line category vn vn 110 kv 500 kv very short line 0.75 -3.5 miles 3-15 miles short line 4-7 miles 15-30 miles the ied's ability to set resistive and reactive reach independent for positive and zero sequence fault loops and individual fault resistance...

  • Page 396

    Detect high resistive faults at the same time as the security is improved (risk for unwanted trip due to load encroachment is eliminated), see figure 113 . En05000220_ansi.Vsd r zm ldangle ldangle ldangle ldangle rldfwd rldrev zl ansi05000220 v1 en figure 189: characteristic for zone measurement for...

  • Page 397

    From an application point of view there exists three types of network configurations (classes) that must be considered when making the settings for the protection function. The different network configuration classes are: 1. Parallel line with common positive and zero sequence network 2. Parallel ci...

  • Page 398

    Parallel line in service this type of application is very common and applies to all normal sub-transmission and transmission networks. Let us analyze what happens when a fault occurs on the parallel line see figure 114 . From symmetrical components, we can derive the impedance z at the relay point f...

  • Page 399

    A b c z 0m z 0m z 0 - z 0m z 0 - iec09000253_1_en.Vsd iec09000253 v1 en figure 191: equivalent zero sequence impedance circuit of the double-circuit, parallel, operating line with a single phase-to-ground fault at the remote busbar when mutual coupling is introduced, the voltage at the relay point a...

  • Page 400

    ( ) 0 0 p 3 3 = 1 + a l ph n nm p v z i k i k i × × + × equation1278 v4 en (equation 344) one can also notice that the following relationship exists between the zero sequence currents: 3 0 3 0 0 2 0 i z i z p l p l ⋅ = ⋅ − ( ) equation1279 v3 en (equation 345) simplification of equation 116 , solvin...

  • Page 401

    Z0m a b 21 21 en05000222_ansi.Vsd closed closed open open ansi05000222 v1 en figure 192: the parallel line is out of service and grounded when the parallel line is out of service and grounded at both line ends on the bus bar side of the line cts so that zero sequence current can flow on the parallel...

  • Page 402

    According to equation 120 and equation 121 for each particular line section and use them for calculating the reach for the underreaching zone. R r x r x e m 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 = ⋅ + + document11520-img3502 v2 en (equation 349) x x x r x e m 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 1 = ⋅ − + document11520-img3503 v2 en (equat...

  • Page 403

    A b c iec09000255_1_en.Vsd i 0 i 0 z 0m z 0 - z 0m z 0m z 0 - iec09000255 v1 en figure 195: equivalent zero-sequence impedance circuit for a double-circuit line with one circuit disconnected and not grounded the reduction of the reach is equal to equation 122 . ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 1 ...

  • Page 404

    Ensure that the underreaching zones from both line ends will overlap a sufficient amount (at least 10%) in the middle of the protected circuit. 8.13.2.7 tapped line application c a b bc ansi05000224-2-en.Vsd ansi05000224 v2 en figure 196: example of tapped line with auto transformer this application...

  • Page 405

    Where: z at and z ct is the line impedance from the a respective c station to the t point. I a and i c is fault current from a respective c station for fault between t and b. V2/v1 transformation ratio for transformation of impedance at v1 side of the transformer to the measuring side v2 (it is assu...

  • Page 406

    1.4 28707 l rarc i × = equation1456 v1 en (equation 358) where: l represents the length of the arc (in meters). This equation applies for the distance protection zone 1. Consider approximately three times arc foot spacing for zone 2 to get a reasonable margin against the influence of wind. I is the ...

  • Page 407

    Capacitor increases and therefore the system voltage at the receiving line end can be regulated. Series compensation also extends the region of voltage stability by reducing the reactance of the line and consequently the sc is valuable for prevention of voltage collapse. Figure 69 presents the volta...

  • Page 408

    8.13.3.2 increase in power transfer the increase in power transfer capability as a function of the degree of compensation for a transmission line can be explained by studying the circuit shown in figure 73 . The power transfer on the transmission line is given by the equation 50 : ( ) ( ) ( ) a b a ...

  • Page 409

    8.13.3.3 voltage and current inversion series capacitors influence the magnitude and the direction of fault currents in series compensated networks. They consequently influence phase angles of voltages measured in different points of series compensated networks and this performances of different pro...

  • Page 410

    En06000605_ansi.Vsd ~ 21 x s x l1 i f v v m source fault voltage pre -fault voltage x c source voltage v’ m with bypassed capacitor with inserted capacitor f x ansi06000605 v1 en figure 201: voltage inversion on series compensated line en06000606_ansi.Vsd i f v s v ’ m = xv l xv s i f x v l v s x v ...

  • Page 411

    The ied point voltage inverses its direction due to presence of series capacitor and its dimension. It is a common practice to call this phenomenon voltage inversion. Its consequences on operation of different protections in series compensated networks depend on their operating principle. The most k...

  • Page 412

    Diagram in figure 84 . The resultant reactance is in this case of inductive nature and the fault currents lags source voltage by 90 electrical degrees. The resultant reactance is of capacitive nature in the second case. Fault current will for this reason lead the source voltage by 90 electrical degr...

  • Page 413

    Impedance (a number of power transformers connected in parallel) must be considered as practical possibility in many modern networks. Location of instrument transformers location of instrument transformers relative to the line end series capacitors plays an important role regarding the dependability...

  • Page 414

    Teleprotection schemes. Series capacitors located between the voltage instruments transformers and the buses reduce the apparent zero sequence source impedance and may cause voltage as well as current inversion in zero sequence equivalent networks for line faults. It is for this reason absolutely ne...

  • Page 415

    En06000613.Vsd jx r kc = 0% kc = 80% loc = 0% kc = 50% loc = 50% jx jx r r kc = 2 x 33% loc = 33%, 66% kc = 80% loc = 100% jx jx r r iec06000613 v1 en figure 207: apparent impedances seen by distance ied for different sc locations and spark gaps used for overvoltage protection en06000614_ansi.Vsd mo...

  • Page 416

    Compensation at 50% of line length and 33% compensation located on 33% and 66% of line length. The remote end compensation has the same effect. • the voltage inversion occurs in cases when the capacitor reactance between the ied point and fault appears bigger than the corresponding line reactance, f...

  • Page 417

    Figure 91 presents three typical cases for series capacitor located at line end (case loc=0% in figure 89 ). • series capacitor prevails the scheme as long as the line current remains lower or equal to its protective current level (i £ k p · i nc ). Line apparent impedance is in this case reduced fo...

  • Page 418

    ( ) 1 = × + + × - é ù æ ö ê ç ÷ ú è ø ë û a b b lb lf c b i v ji x x x i equation1999-ansi v1 en (equation 368) ( ) 0 1 = = + + lb c b lf a b x x v x i i equation2000-ansi v1 en (equation 369) equation 64 indicates the fact that the infeed current i a increases the apparent value of capacitive react...

  • Page 419

    8.13.3.5 distance protection distance protection due to its basic characteristics, is the most used protection principle on series compensated and adjacent lines worldwide. It has at the same time caused a lot of challenges to protection society, especially when it comes to directional measurement a...

  • Page 420

    En06000618.Vsd x 11 x 12 - j x c a b d a d b zone 1 a zone 1 b zone 2 a zone 2 b g iec06000618 v1 en figure 211: underreaching (zone 1) and overreaching (zone 2) on series compensated line the underreaching zone will have reduced reach in cases of bypassed series capacitor, as shown in the dashed li...

  • Page 421

    For that reason permissive underreaching schemes can hardly be used as a main protection. Permissive overreaching distance protection or some kind of directional or unit protection must be used. The overreach must be of an order so it overreaches when the capacitor is bypassed or out of service. Fig...

  • Page 422

    X x i i x x da a f a c 1 1 1 11 = + ⋅ − ( ) equation1916 v2 en (equation 373) x x i i x x da a f a c 2 2 2 11 = + ⋅ − ( ) equation1917 v2 en (equation 374) x x i i x x da a f a c 3 3 3 11 = + ⋅ − ( ) equation1918 v2 en (equation 375) en06000621_ansi.Vsd b a1 a2 a3 d b d a3 d a2 d a1 jx 11 i a1 i a2 ...

  • Page 423

    It usually takes a bit of a time before the spark gap flashes, and sometimes the fault current will be of such a magnitude that there will not be any flashover and the negative impedance will be sustained. If equation 72 is valid 11 11 + c s x x x x equation1898 v1 en (equation 376) in figure 97 , t...

  • Page 424

    The source impedance and calculations must be made on a case by case basis, as shown in figure 97 . Distance ieds with separate impedance and directional measurement offer additional setting and operational flexibility when it comes to measurement of negative apparent impedance (as shown in figure 9...

  • Page 425

    En06000627.Vsd -jx c -jx c z ac z cb z ac z cb a b z m0ac z m0cb iec06000627 v1 en figure 217: double circuit, parallel operating line zero sequence mutual impedance z m0 cannot significantly influence the operation of distance protection as long as both circuits are operating in parallel and all pr...

  • Page 426

    En06000629_ansi.Vsd raa rba i fc1 i fc1 x f rab rbb i fc2 csab crbb raa rba i fc1 x f rab rbb i fc2 csab crbb ansi06000629 v1 en figure 219: current reversal phenomenon on parallel operating circuits it is possible to expect faster ied operation and breaker opening at the bus closer to fault, which ...

  • Page 427

    Input card is used to automatically convert the measured secondary input signals to primary values used in zmfcpdis. The following basics must be considered, depending on application, when doing the setting calculations: • errors introduced by current and voltage instrument transformers, particularl...

  • Page 428

    • the impedance corresponding to the protected line, plus the first zone reach of the shortest adjacent line. • the impedance corresponding to the protected line, plus the impedance of the maximum number of transformers operating in parallel on the bus at the remote end of the protected line. Larger...

  • Page 429

    Covers the overreaching zone, used at the remote line ied for the telecommunication purposes. Consider the possible enlarging factor that might exist due to fault infeed from adjacent lines. The equation can be used to calculate the reach in reverse direction when the zone is used for blocking schem...

  • Page 430

    99000202.Vsd p 100 80 60 40 20 0 100 % 80 60 40 20 c % iec99000202 v1 en figure 221: reduced reach due to the expected sub-harmonic oscillations at different degrees of compensation c l x c degree of compensation x æ ö = ç ÷ ç ÷ è ø equation1894 v1 en (equation 382) x c is the reactance of the serie...

  • Page 431

    Reactive reach jx r x c z s x 1 r v r fw r rv z s en06000584-2.Vsd x lloc x 1 f w x c x line - x c iec06000584 v2 en figure 222: measured impedance at voltage inversion forward direction: where x lloc equals line reactance up to the series capacitor(in the picture approximate 33% of xline) x1 fw is ...

  • Page 432

    For protection on non compensated lines facing series capacitor on next line. The setting is thus: • x1fw is set to (xline-xc · k) · p/100. • x1rvcan be set to the same value as x1fw • k equals side infeed factor at next busbar. When the calculation of x1fwgives a negative value the zone 1 must be p...

  • Page 433

    The increased reach related to the one used in non compensated system is recommended for all protections in the vicinity of series capacitors to compensate for delay in the operation caused by the sub harmonic swinging. Settings of the resistive reaches are limited according to the minimum load impe...

  • Page 434

    X 0e x 0 x m0 + = equation554 v1 en (equation 384) check the reduction of a reach for the overreaching zones due to the effect of the zero sequence mutual coupling. The reach is reduced for a factor: 0 0 1 2 1 0 m f z k z z r = - × + + equation1426 v1 en (equation 385) if the denominator in equation...

  • Page 435

    8.13.4.7 setting of reach in resistive direction set the resistive reach r1 independently for each zone. Set separately the expected fault resistance for phase-to-phase faults rfpp and for the phase-to-ground faults rfpg for each zone. For each distance zone, set all remaining reach setting paramete...

  • Page 436

    8.13.4.8 load impedance limitation, without load encroachment function the following instructions are valid when setting the resistive reach of the distance zone itself with a sufficient margin towards the maximum load, that is, without the common load encroachment characteristic (set by rldfwd, rld...

  • Page 437

    Min 2 1 0 0.8 cos sin 2 1 0 × + £ × × ¶ - × ¶ × + é ù ê ú ë û load r r rfpg z x x guid-11dd90fa-8fb5-425f-a46f-6553c00025be v1 en (equation 397) where: ϑ is a maximum load-impedance angle, related to the maximum load power. To avoid load encroachment for the phase-to-phase measuring elements, the se...

  • Page 438

    Phase-to-ground fault, it corresponds to the per-loop impedance, including the ground return impedance. R x rldfwd rldrev ldangle ldangle ldangle ldangle r x rldfwd rldrev ldangle 90% 10% 10% ldangle possible load ldangle ldangle ansi12000176-1-en.Vsd ansi12000176 v1 en figure 223: load impedance li...

  • Page 439

    Both current limits iminoppgzx and iminopppzx are automatically reduced to 75% of regular set values if the zone is set to operate in reverse direction, that is, operationdir=reverse. Opmodeppzx and opmodepezx these settings, two per zone (x=1,2..5&rv), with options {off, quadrilateral, mho, offset}...

  • Page 440

    Choose the setting value seriescomp if the protected line or adjacent lines are compensated with series capacitors. Otherwise maintain the noseriescomp setting value. Cvttype if possible, the type of capacitive voltage transformer (cvt) that is used for measurement should be identified. Note that th...

  • Page 441

    8.14 power swing detection zmrpsb (68) 8.14.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number power swing detection zmrpsb zpsb symbol-ee v1 en 68 8.14.2 application 8.14.2.1 general various changes in power system may cause oscilla...

  • Page 442

    R jx operating characteristic impedance locus at power swing iec09000224_1_en.Vsd iec09000224 v1 en figure 225: impedance plane with power swing detection operating characteristic and impedance locus at power swing 8.14.2.2 basic characteristics power swing detection function (zmrpsb, 78) detects re...

  • Page 443

    99001019_ansi.Vsd ~ ~ e a d a = const d b = f(t) e b a b z sa z sb z l r ansi99001019 v1 en figure 226: protected power line as part of a two-machine system reduce the power system with protected power line into equivalent two-machine system with positive sequence source impedances z sa behind the i...

  • Page 444

    ( ) 1 10.71 75.6 l z j = + w equation1328 v1 en line positive sequence impedance ( ) 1 1.15 43.5 sa z j = + w equation1329 v1 en positive sequence source impedance behind a bus ( ) 1 5.3 35.7 sb z j = + w equation1330 v1 en positive sequence source impedance behind b bus max 1000 s mva = equation133...

  • Page 445

    The minimum load resistance r lmin at maximum load and minimum system voltage is equal to equation 403 . ( ) min min max cos 144.4 0.95 137.2 l l r z j = × = × = w equation1338 v1 en (equation 403) the system impedance z s is determined as a sum of all impedance in an equivalent two- machine system,...

  • Page 446

    Ansi05000283 v1 en figure 227: impedance diagrams with corresponding impedances under consideration the outer boundary of oscillation detection characteristic in forward direction rldoutfw should be set with certain safety margin k l compared to the minimum expected load resistance r lmin . When the...

  • Page 447

    • k l = 0.9 for lines longer than 100 miles • k l = 0.85 for lines between 50 and 100 miles • k l = 0.8 for lines shorter than 50 miles multiply the required resistance for the same safety factor k l with the ratio between actual voltage and 400kv when the rated voltage of the line under considerati...

  • Page 448

    The general tendency should be to set the tp1 time to at least 30 ms, if possible. Since it is not possible to further increase the external load angle δ out , it is necessary to reduce the inner boundary of the oscillation detection characteristic. The minimum required value is calculated according...

  • Page 449

    Do not forget to adjust the setting of load encroachment resistance rldfwd in phase selection with load encroachment (fdpspdis, 21 or frpspdis, 21) to the value equal to or less than the calculated value rldinfw. It is at the same time necessary to adjust the load angle in fdpspdis (21) or frpspdis ...

  • Page 450

    To continuous swinging. Consider the minimum possible speed of power swinging in a particular system. The tr1 inhibit timer delays the influence of the detected residual current on the inhibit criteria for zmrpsb(68). It prevents operation of the function for short transients in the residual current...

  • Page 451

    Distance protection. The second fault can, but does not need to, occur within this time interval. • fault on an adjacent line (behind the b substation, see figure 228 ) causes the measured impedance to enter the operate area of zmrpsb (68) function and, for example, the zone 2 operating characterist...

  • Page 452

    R jx b a measured impedance at initital fault position impedance locus at initial power swing after the fault clearance zmrpsb operating characteristic zone 2 zone 1 iec99000181_2_en.Vsd iec99000181 v2 en figure 229: impedance trajectory within the distance protection zones 1 and 2 during and after ...

  • Page 453

    • they must generally be blocked during normal operation and released during power swings. • their operation must be time delayed but shorter (with sufficient margin) than the set time delay of normal distance protection zone 2, which is generally blocked by the power swing. • their resistive reach ...

  • Page 454

    Pudog ar1p1 and pupsd block and 0-tcs and csur cs 0-tblktr and 0-ttrip cr pltr_crd or and blkzmur trip en06000236_ansi.En 0 0 0 ansi06000236 v1 en figure 230: simplified logic diagram - power swing communication and tripping logic configuration configure the block input to any combination of conditi...

  • Page 455

    The cr signal should be configured to the functional input which provides the logic with information on received carrier signal sent by the remote end power swing distance protection zone. The cs functional output signal should be configured to either output relay or to corresponding input of the “b...

  • Page 456

    0.8 n z rfpp v tnpp = × × equation1538 v1 en (equation 422) 0.8 2 z n v tnpg rfpg × = × equation1993-ansi v1 en (equation 423) here is factor 0.8 considered for safety reasons and: rfpg n phase-to-ground resistive reach setting for a power swing distance protection zone n in Ω rfpp n phase-to-phase ...

  • Page 457

    Protection to eliminate the initial fault and still make possible for the power swing zones to operate for possible consecutive faults. A time delay between 150 and 300 ms is generally sufficient. 8.15.3.2 blocking and tripping logic for evolving power swings the second part of a complete power swin...

  • Page 458

    Configure the functional input puzmur to the pickup output of the instantaneous underreaching distance protection zone (usually pickup of distance protection zone 1). The function will determine whether the pickup signal of this zone is permitted to be used in further logic or not, dependent on time...

  • Page 459

    8.16.2 application normally, the generator operates synchronously with the power system, that is, all the generators in the system have the same angular velocity and approximately the same phase angle difference. If the phase angle between the generators gets too large the stable operation of the sy...

  • Page 460

    The relative angle of the generator is shown for different fault duration at a three-phase short circuit close to the generator. As the fault duration increases the angle swing amplitude increases. When the critical fault clearance time is reached the stability cannot be maintained. Un-damped oscill...

  • Page 461

    The relative angle of the generator is shown a contingency in the power system, causing un-damped oscillations. After a few periods of the oscillation the swing amplitude gets to large and the stability cannot be maintained. If the excitation of the generator gets too low there is a risk that the ge...

  • Page 462

    Iec06000548_2_en.Vsd ied b a e b e a x’ d x t z s zone 1 zone 2 jx r zb za pole slip impedance movement zone 2 zone 1 warnangle tripangle f zc iec06000548 v2 en figure 234: settings for the pole slip detection function the impedanceza is the forward impedance as show in figure 234 . Za should be the...

  • Page 463

    The impedancezb is the reverse impedance as show in figure 234 . Zb should be equal to the generator transient reactance x'd. The impedance is given in % of the base impedance, see equation 425 . The impedancezc is the forward impedance giving the borderline between zone 1 and zone 2. Zc should be e...

  • Page 464

    Ied zb line impedance = zc za = forward source impedance iec07000014_2_en.Vsd iec07000014 v2 en figure 235: line application of pole slip protection if the apparent impedance crosses the impedance line zb – za this is the detection criterion of out of step conditions, see figure 236 . Section 8 1mrk...

  • Page 465

    R x apparent impedance at normal load z c z a z b anglephi iec07000015_2_en.Vsd iec07000015 v2 en figure 236: impedances to be set for pole slip protection the setting parameters of the protection is: z a : line + source impedance in the forward direction z b : the source impedance in the reverse di...

  • Page 466

    With all phase voltages and phase currents available and fed to the protection ied, it is recommended to set the measuremode to positive sequence. The impedance settings are set in pu with zbase as reference: 2 2 400 160 1000 = = = ubase zbase ohm sbase equation1960 v1 en (equation 426) 2 400 ( ) ( ...

  • Page 467

    The warning angle (startangle) should be chosen not to cross into normal operating area. The maximum line power is assumed to be 2000 mva. This corresponds to apparent impedance: 2 2 400 80 2000 u z ohm s = = = equation1967 v1 en (equation 432) simplified, the example can be shown as a triangle, see...

  • Page 468

    Set startangle to 110° for the tripangle it is recommended to set this parameter to 90° to assure limited stress for the circuit breaker. In a power system it is desirable to split the system into predefined parts in case of pole slip. The protection is therefore situated at lines where this predefi...

  • Page 469

    R x apparent impedance at normal load z c z a z b anglephi iec07000015_2_en.Vsd iec07000015 v2 en figure 239: impedances to be set for pole slip protection pspppam (78) the setting parameters of the protection are: z a block transformer + source impedance in the forward direction z b the generator t...

  • Page 470

    Use the following block transformer data: vbase : 20 kv (low voltage side) sbase set to 200 mva e k : 15% short circuit power from the external network without infeed from the protected line: 5000 mva (assumed to a pure reactance). We have all phase voltages and phase currents available and fed to t...

  • Page 471

    2 20 0.15 0.3 200 t zc jx j j ohm = = × = equation1974 v1 en (equation 439) this corresponds to: 0.3 0.15 0.15 90 2.0 j zc j pu pu = = = Ð o equation1975 v2 en (equation 440) set zc to 0.15 and anglephi to 90°. The warning angle (startangle) should be chosen not to cross into normal operating area. ...

  • Page 472

    Za zb zload r x en07000016.Vsd iec07000016 v1 en figure 240: simplified figure to derive startangle 0 0 arctan arctan arctan + arctan = 7.1 + 5.4 0.25 0.19 13 2 2 ³ = » zb za anglestart + zload zload equation1977 v2 en (equation 442) in case of minor damped oscillations at normal operation we do not...

  • Page 473

    8.17 out-of-step protection oosppam (78) 8.17.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number out-of-step protection oosppam 78 8.17.2 application under balanced and stable conditions, a generator operates with a constant rotor (p...

  • Page 474

    Sm1 synchronous machine 1 sm2 e1 e2 synchronous machine 2 e1 e2 sm1 synchronous machine 1 center of oscillation v, i sm2 e1 e2 synchronous machine 2 e1 e2 ansi10000107_3_en.Vsd voltages of all phases to ground are zero in the center of oscillation ansi10000107 v3 en figure 241: the center of electro...

  • Page 475

    The out-of-step condition of a generator can be caused by different reasons. Sudden events in an electrical power system such as large changes in load, fault occurrence or slow fault clearance, can cause power oscillations, that are called power swings. In a non- recoverable situation, the power swi...

  • Page 476

    • stator windings are under high stress due to electrodynamic forces. • the current levels during an out-of-step condition can be higher than those during a three-phase fault and, therefore, there is significant torque impact on the generator- turbine shaft. • in asynchronous operation there is indu...

  • Page 477

    Rt = 0.0054 pu (transf. Zbase) 1-st step in calculation zbase = 0.9522 Ω (generator) xd' = 0.2960 · 0.952 = 0.282 Ω rs = 0.0029 · 0.952 = 0.003 Ω zbase (13.8 kv) = 0.6348 Ω xt = 0.100 · 0.6348 = 0.064 Ω rt = 0.0054 · 0.635 = 0.003 Ω xline = 300 · 0.4289 = 128.7 Ω rline = 300 · 0.0659 = 19.8 Ω (x and...

  • Page 478

    • for the synchronous machines as the generator in table 32 , the transient reactance xd' shall be used. This due to the relatively slow electromechanical oscillations under out-of-step conditions. • sometimes the equivalent resistance of the generator is difficult to get. A good estimate is 1 perce...

  • Page 479

    Specified by treset since the previous one, the function is reset. All outputs are set to 0 (false). If no pole slip at all is detected under interval of time specified by treset since the pickup signal has been set (for example a stable case with synchronism retained), the function is as well reset...

  • Page 480

    Then invertion is necessary (invertctcurr = enabled), provided that the ct’s actual direction complies with abb recommendations, as shown in table 32 . 8.18 automatic switch onto fault logic zcvpsof 8.18.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/iee...

  • Page 481

    8.18.3 setting guidelines the parameters for automatic switch onto fault logic, voltage- and current-based function zcvpsof are set via the local hmi or protection and control manager pcm600. The distance protection zone used for instantaneous trip by zcvpsof has to be set to cover the entire protec...

  • Page 482

    Tdld: the time delay for activating zcvpsof by the internal dead-line detection is, by default, set to 0.2 seconds. It is suitable in most applications. The delay shall not be set too short to avoid unwanted activations during transients in the system. Mode: the operation of zcvpsof has three modes ...

  • Page 483

    Transmission) to achieve the correct phase selective tripping during two simultaneous single-phase ground-faults in different phases on different line sections. Due to the resonance/high resistive grounding principle, the ground faults in the system gives very low fault currents, typically below 25 ...

  • Page 484

    3v 0 v a vb vc v b f v c f v c f en06000551_ansi.Vsd ansi06000551 v1 en figure 244: the voltage increase on healthy phases and occurring neutral point voltage (3v0) at a single phase-to-ground fault and an occurring cross- country fault on different feeders in a sub-transmission network, high impeda...

  • Page 485

    I3p* v3p* block lovbz blktr phsel dircnd w2_ct_b_i3p w2_vt_b_v3p false w2_fsd1-blkz false i3p* v3p* block lovbz blktr phsel dircnd w2_ct_b_i3p w2_vt_b_v3p false w2_fsd1-blkz false w2_ct_b_i3p w2_vt_b_v3p false false false false phs_l1 phs_l2 phs_l3 ansi06000552-2-en.Vsd zmqapdis (21) trip tr_a tr_b ...

  • Page 486

    Ic=ig ia=ig en06000553_ansi.Vsd ansi06000553 v1 en figure 246: the currents in the phases at a double ground fault the function has a block input (block) to block start from the function if required in certain conditions. 8.19.3 setting guidelines the parameters for the phase preference logic functi...

  • Page 487

    Impedance grounded system, the voltage drop is big and the setting can typically be set to 70% of base voltage (vbase) pu27pp: the setting of the phase-to-phase voltage level (line voltage) which is used by the evaluation logic to verify that a fault exists in two or more phases. The voltage must be...

  • Page 488

    (petersen coil) or high resistive grounded systems where phase preference based tripping is required for so-called cross-country faults, two simultaneous single phase-to-ground- faults in different phases and on different line sections. Due to the resonance/high resistive grounding, single phase-to-...

  • Page 489

    3v 0 v a vb vc v b f v c f v c f en06000551_ansi.Vsd ansi06000551 v1 en figure 248: voltage distribution before and during a single phase-to-ground fault during a cross-country fault, the fault current path for the fault that is not on the protected feeder will not go through the relay. (for a more ...

  • Page 490

    Ic=ig ia=ig en06000553_ansi.Vsd ansi06000553 v1 en figure 249: the currents in the phases at a double ground fault however, it should be considered that a quite substantial residual current can also appear temporarily at the onset of a single phase fault. This is why detection of cross-country fault...

  • Page 491

    The phase-to-phase measuring loops have actually nothing to do with phase preference and are always enabled. The zrel output of the ppl2phiz function should be connected to the relcndzx inputs of the high speed distance protection zmfpdis. Figure 250 shows how the information from ppl2phiz is affect...

  • Page 492

    Impedance grounded system, the voltage drop is big and the setting can typically be set to 70%, which is 70% of ubase divided by √3. Pu27pp: the setting of the phase-to-phase voltage level (line voltage) which is used by the evaluation logic to verify that a fault exists in two or more phases. The v...

  • Page 493

    Section 9 current protection 9.1 instantaneous phase overcurrent protection phpioc (50) 9.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number instantaneous phase overcurrent protection phpioc 3i>> symbol-z v1 en 50 9.1.2 application...

  • Page 494

    Operate very quickly for faults very close to the generation (and relay) point, for which very high fault currents are characteristic. The instantaneous phase overcurrent protection phpioc (50) can operate in 10 ms for faults characterized by very high currents. 9.1.3 setting guidelines the paramete...

  • Page 495

    9.1.3.1 meshed network without parallel line the following fault calculations have to be done for three-phase, single-phase-to-ground and two-phase-to-ground faults. With reference to figure 251 , apply a fault in b and then calculate the current through-fault phase current i fb . The calculation sh...

  • Page 496

    Imin max i fa i fb , ( ) ³ equation78 v1 en (equation 443) a safety margin of 5% for the maximum protection static inaccuracy and a safety margin of 5% for the maximum possible transient overreach have to be introduced. An additional 20% is suggested due to the inaccuracy of the instrument transform...

  • Page 497

    9.1.3.2 meshed network with parallel line in case of parallel lines, the influence of the induced current from the parallel line to the protected line has to be considered. One example is given in figure 254 , where the two lines are connected to the same busbars. In this case the influence of the i...

  • Page 498

    The protection function can be used for the specific application only if this setting value is equal or less than the maximum phase fault current that the ied has to clear. The ied setting value pickup is given in percentage of the primary base current value, ibase. The value for pickup is given fro...

  • Page 499

    Non-directional / directional function: in most applications the non-directional functionality is used. This is mostly the case when no fault current can be fed from the protected object itself. In order to achieve both selectivity and fast fault clearance, the directional function can be necessary....

  • Page 500

    9.2.3 setting guidelines when inverse time overcurrent characteristic is selected, the trip time of the stage will be the sum of the inverse time delay and the set definite time delay. Thus, if only the inverse time delay is required, it is important to set the definite time delay for that stage to ...

  • Page 501

    V ref i dir ansi09000636-1-en.Vsd 1 2 2 3 4 ansi09000636 v1 en figure 255: directional function characteristic 1. Rca = relay characteristic angle 2. Roa = relay operating angle 3. Reverse 4. Forward 9.2.3.1 settings for each step x means step 1, 2, 3 and 4. Dirmodeselx: the directional mode of step...

  • Page 502

    Characteristx: selection of time characteristic for step x. Definite time delay and different types of inverse time characteristics are available according to table 33 . Table 33: inverse time characteristics curve name ansi extremely inverse ansi very inverse ansi normal inverse ansi moderately inv...

  • Page 503

    Iminx: minimum pickup current for step x in % of ibase. Set iminx below pickupx for every step to achieve ansi reset characteristic according to standard. If iminx is set above pickupx for any step the ansi reset works as if current is zero when current drops below iminx. Txmin: minimum trip time fo...

  • Page 504

    Table 34: reset possibilities curve name curve index no. Instantaneous 1 iec reset (constant time) 2 ansi reset (inverse time) 3 the delay characteristics are described in technical manual. There are some restrictions regarding the choice of the reset delay. For the definite time delay characteristi...

  • Page 505

    9.2.3.2 setting example directional phase overcurrent protection, four steps can be used in different ways, depending on the application where the protection is used. A general description is given below. The pickup current setting of the inverse time protection, or the lowest current step of the de...

  • Page 506

    Im ax ipu 1.2 k ³ × equation1262 v2 en (equation 450) where: 1.2 is a safety factor k is the reset ratio of the protection imax is the maximum load current the load current up to the present situation can be found from operation statistics. The current setting must remain valid for several years. In...

  • Page 507

    Fault current calculation gives the largest current of faults, iscmax, at the most remote part of the primary protected zone. The risk of transient overreach must be considered, due to a possible dc component of the short circuit current. The lowest current setting of the fastest stage can be writte...

  • Page 508

    Time-current curves fault current 10 10 0.01 10000 en05000204.Ai str tfunc1 n n tfunc2 trip time n iec05000204 v2 en figure 258: fault time with maintained selectivity the operation time can be set individually for each overcurrent protection. To assure selectivity between different protection funct...

  • Page 509

    Example for time coordination assume two substations a and b directly connected to each other via one line, as shown in the figure 259 . Consider a fault located at another line from the station b. The fault current to the overcurrent protection of ied b1 has a magnitude so that the overcurrent prot...

  • Page 510

    40 100 40 40 220 t ms ms ms ms ms d ³ + + + = equation1266 v1 en (equation 454) where it is considered that: the operate time of overcurrent protection b1 is 40 ms the breaker open time is 100 ms the resetting time of protection a1 is 40 ms and the additional margin is 40 ms 9.3 instantaneous residu...

  • Page 511

    Common base ied values for primary current (ibase), primary voltage (vbase) and primary power (sbase) are set in the global base values for settings function gbasval. Globalbasesel: this is used to select gbasval function for reference of base values. The basic requirement is to assure selectivity, ...

  • Page 512

    The function shall not operate for any of the calculated currents to the protection. The minimum theoretical current setting (imin) will be: im , fa fb in max i i equation284 v2 en (equation 455) a safety margin of 5% for the maximum static inaccuracy and a safety margin of 5% for maximum possible t...

  • Page 513

    Considering the safety margins mentioned previously, the minimum setting (is) is: i s = 1.3 × i min equation288 v3 en (equation 458) the ied setting value in>> is given in percent of the primary base current value, ibase. The value for in>> is given by the formula: ( ) 100 s in i ibase iecequation17...

  • Page 514

    9.4.2 application the directional residual overcurrent protection, four steps ef4ptoc (51n_67n) is used in several applications in the power system. Some applications are: • ground-fault protection of feeders in effectively grounded distribution and subtransmission systems. Normally these feeders ha...

  • Page 515

    Table 35: time characteristics curve name ansi extremely inverse ansi very inverse ansi normal inverse ansi moderately inverse ansi/ieee definite time ansi long time extremely inverse ansi long time very inverse ansi long time inverse iec normal inverse iec very inverse iec inverse iec extremely inv...

  • Page 516

    9.4.3 setting guidelines when inverse time overcurrent characteristic is selected, the trip time of the stage will be the sum of the inverse time delay and the set definite time delay. Thus, if only the inverse time delay is required, it is important to set the definite time delay for that stage to ...

  • Page 517

    V pol = 3v 0 or v 2 rca operation idirpu en 05000135-4- ansi.Vsd ansi05000135 v3 en figure 263: relay characteristic angle given in degree in a normal transmission network a normal value of rca is about 65°. The setting range is -180° to +180°. Polmethod: defines if the directional polarization is f...

  • Page 518

    Protection. The maximum ground-fault current at the local source can be used to calculate the value of zn as v/(√3 · 3i 0 ) typically, the minimum znpol (3 · zero sequence source) is set. The setting is in primary ohms. When the dual polarizing method is used, it is important that the setting pickup...

  • Page 519

    Current will however be significant. The inrush current of the transformer in service before the parallel transformer energizing, will be a little delayed compared to the first transformer. Therefore, we will have high 2 nd harmonic current initially. After a short period this current will however b...

  • Page 520

    The function is divided into two parts. The sotf function will give operation from step 2 or 3 during a set time after change in the position of the circuit breaker. The sotf function has a set time delay. The under time function, which has 2 nd harmonic restrain blocking, will give operation from s...

  • Page 521

    To assure selectivity between different protections, in the radial network, there has to be a minimum time difference dt between the time delays of two protections. To determine the shortest possible time difference, the operation time of protections, breaker opening time and protection resetting ti...

  • Page 522

    Ansi10000058-1-en.Vsdx trip time pickup current tx txmin ansi10000058 v1 en figure 265: minimum pickup current and trip time for inverse time characteristics in order to fully comply with the curves definition, the setting parameter txmin shall be set to the value which is equal to the operate time ...

  • Page 523

    Further description can be found in the technical reference manual. Tprcrvx, ttrcrvx, tcrcrvx: parameters for user programmable of inverse reset time characteristic curve. Further description can be found in the technical reference manual. 9.4.3.6 line application example four step residual overcurr...

  • Page 524

    Ansi05000150_2_en.Vsd 67 n one- or two-phase ground-fault 67n 0 3i ansi05000150 v2 en figure 267: step 1, first calculation the residual current out on the line is calculated at a fault on the remote busbar (one- or two-phase-to-ground fault). To assure selectivity it is required that step 1 shall n...

  • Page 525

    The requirement is now according to equation 462 . Step1 0 i 1.2 3i (remote busbar with one line out) ³ × equation1200 v3 en (equation 462) a higher value of step 1 might be necessary if a big power transformer (y0/d) at remote bus bar is disconnected. A special case occurs at double circuit lines, ...

  • Page 526

    67n one- or two-phase ground-fault 50/51n 0 3i ansi05000154_2_en.Vsd ansi05000154 v2 en figure 270: step 2, check of reach calculation the residual current, out on the line, is calculated at an operational case with minimal ground-fault current. The requirement that the whole line shall be covered b...

  • Page 527

    Step 3 this step has directional function and a time delay slightly larger than step 2, often 0.8 s. Step 3 shall enable selective trip of ground faults having higher fault resistance to ground, compared to step 2. The requirement on step 3 is selectivity to other ground-fault protections in the net...

  • Page 528

    9.5 four step directional negative phase sequence overcurrent protection ns4ptoc (46i2) 9.5.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number four step negative sequence overcurrent protection ns4ptoc i2 4 4 alt iec10000053 v1 en 46...

  • Page 529

    Communication schemes, which enables fast clearance of unsymmetrical faults on transmission lines. The directional function uses the voltage polarizing quantity. Choice of time characteristics: there are several types of time characteristics available such as definite time delay and different types ...

  • Page 530

    Multpux to the negative sequence current pick-up level. This multiplication factor is activated from a binary input signal multpux to the function. 9.5.3 setting guidelines the parameters for four step negative sequence overcurrent protection ns4ptoc (46i2) are set via the local hmi or protection an...

  • Page 531

    Curve name ansi long time very inverse ansi long time inverse iec normal inverse iec very inverse iec inverse iec extremely inverse iec short time inverse iec long time inverse iec definite time user programmable asea ri rxidg (logarithmic) the different characteristics are described in the technica...

  • Page 532

    Iminx operate time current tx txmin iec10000058 iec10000058 v2 en figure 273: minimum operate current and operation time for inverse time characteristics resettypecrvx: the reset of the delay timer can be made in different ways. By choosing setting there are the following possibilities: curve name i...

  • Page 533

    Tpcrvx, tacrvx, tbcrvx, tccrvx: parameters for programmable inverse time characteristic curve. The time characteristic equation is according to equation 460 : [ ] p a t s b td i c ipickup = + × - æ ö ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ æ ö ç ÷ ç ÷ è ø è ø equation1722 v1 en (equation 467) further description can be found i...

  • Page 534

    Anglerca forward area iop = i2 vpol=-v2 reverse area ansi10000031-1-en.Vsd ansi10000031 v1 en figure 274: relay characteristic angle given in degree in a transmission network a normal value of rca is about 80°. Vpolmin: minimum polarization (reference) voltage % of vbase. I>dir: operate residual cur...

  • Page 535

    9.6.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number sensitive directional residual over current and power protection sdepsde - 67n 9.6.2 application in networks with high impedance grounding, the phase-to-ground fault current is s...

  • Page 536

    When should the sensitive directional residual overcurrent protection be used and when should the sensitive directional residual power protection be used? Consider the following: • sensitive directional residual overcurrent protection gives possibility for better sensitivity. The setting possibiliti...

  • Page 537

    9.6.3 setting guidelines the sensitive ground-fault protection is intended to be used in high impedance grounded systems, or in systems with resistive grounding where the neutral point resistor gives an ground-fault current larger than what normal high impedance gives but smaller than the phase to p...

  • Page 538

    Where i j is the capacitive ground fault current at a non-resistive phase-to-ground fault x c is the capacitive reactance to ground in a system with a neutral point resistor (resistance grounded system) the impedance z 0 can be calculated as: c n 0 c n jx 3r z jx 3r - × = - + equation1946 v1 en (equ...

  • Page 539

    Substation a substation b z lineab,1 (pos. Seq) z lineab,0 (zero seq) z linebc,1 (pos. Seq) z linebc,0 (zero seq) v 0a v 0b 3i 0 phase to ground fault r n z t,1 (pos. Seq) z t,0 (zero seq) source impedance z sc (pos. Seq) en06000654_ansi.Vsd ansi06000654 v1 en figure 276: equivalent of power system ...

  • Page 540

    0a 0 t,0 n v 3i (z 3r ) = × + equation2024-ansi v1 en (equation 474) ob 0 t ,0 n lineab,0 v 3i (z 3r z ) = × + + equation2025-ansi v1 en (equation 475) the residual power, measured by the sensitive ground fault protections in a and b will be: 0a 0a 0 s 3v 3i = × equation2026-ansi v1 en (equation 476...

  • Page 541

    Rotresu: it is a setting for rotating the polarizing quantity (3v 0 ) by 0 or 180 degrees. This parameter is set to 180 degrees by default in order to inverse the residual voltage (3v 0 ) to calculate the reference voltage (-3v 0 e -jrcadir ). Since the reference voltage is used as the polarizing qu...

  • Page 542

    -3v 0 3i 0 rca = -90 °, roa = 90° = ang(3i 0 ) – ang(v ref ) 3i 0 cos v ref en06000649_ansi.Vsd ansi06000649 v1 en figure 278: characteristic for rcadir equal to -90° when opmodesel is set to 3i03v0cosfi the apparent residual power component in the direction is measured. When opmodesel is set to 3i0...

  • Page 543

    V ref =-3v 0 operate area 3i 0 rca = 0º roa = 80º ansi06000652-2-en.Vsd ansi06000652 v2 en figure 279: characteristic for rcadir = 0° and roadir = 80° dirmode is set forward or reverse to set the direction of the operation for the directional function selected by the opmodesel. All the directional p...

  • Page 544

    Roadir is relay operating angle. Roadir is identifying a window around the reference direction in order to detect directionality. Roadir is set in degrees. For angles differing more than roadir from rcadir the function is blocked. The setting can be used to prevent unwanted operation for non-faulted...

  • Page 545

    Table 38: inverse time characteristics curve name ansi extremely inverse ansi very inverse ansi normal inverse ansi moderately inverse ansi/ieee definite time ansi long time extremely inverse ansi long time very inverse ansi long time inverse iec normal inverse iec very inverse iec inverse iec extre...

  • Page 546

    Tvn is the definite time delay for the trip function of the residual voltage protection, given in s. 9.7 breaker failure protection ccrbrf(50bf) 9.7.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number breaker failure protection, 3-pha...

  • Page 547

    Globalbasesel: selects the global base value group used by the function to define ibase, vbase and sbase as applicable. Operation: disabled/enabled functionmode this parameter can be set current or contact. This states the way the detection of failure of the breaker is performed. In the mode current...

  • Page 548

    Breaker failure. 1 out of 4 means that at least one current of the three-phase currents or the residual current shall be high to indicate breaker failure. In most applications 1 out of 3 is sufficient. For contact operation means back-up trip is done when circuit breaker is closed (breaker position ...

  • Page 549

    It is often required that the total fault clearance time shall be less than a given critical time. This time is often dependent of the ability to maintain transient stability in case of a fault close to a power plant. Time the fault occurs protection operate time trip and pickup ccrbrf (50bf) normal...

  • Page 550

    9.8 stub protection stbptoc (50stb) 9.8.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number stub protection stbptoc 3i>stub symbol-t v1 en 50stb 9.8.2 application in a breaker-and-a-half switchyard the line protection and the busbar p...

  • Page 551

    Ansi05000465 v2 en figure 281: typical connection for stbptoc (50stb) in breaker-and-a-half arrangement. 9.8.3 setting guidelines the parameters for stub protection stbptoc (50stb) are set via the local hmi or pcm600. The following settings can be done for the stub protection. Globalbasesel: selects...

  • Page 552

    T: time delay of the operation. Normally the function shall be instantaneous. 9.9 pole discrepancy protection ccpdsc(52pd) 9.9.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number pole discrepancy protection ccpdsc pd symbol-s v1 en 52...

  • Page 553

    9.9.3 setting guidelines the parameters for the pole discordance protection ccpdsc (52pd) are set via the local hmi or pcm600. The following settings can be done for the pole discrepancy protection. Globalbasesel: selects the global base value group used by the function to define ibase, vbase and sb...

  • Page 554

    9.10.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number directional underpower protection guppdup p 2 symbol-ll v2 en 37 9.10.2 application the task of a generator in a power plant is to convert mechanical energy available as a torqu...

  • Page 555

    Soon become overheated and damaged. The turbine overheats within minutes if the turbine loses the vacuum. The critical time to overheating a steam turbine varies from about 0.5 to 30 minutes depending on the type of turbine. A high-pressure turbine with small and thin blades will become overheated m...

  • Page 556

    Underpower protection overpower protection q q p p operating point without turbine torque margin margin operate line operate line operating point without turbine torque iec09000019-2-en.Vsd iec09000019 v2 en figure 282: reverse power protection with underpower or overpower protection 9.10.3 setting ...

  • Page 557

    Set value mode formula used for complex power calculation bc * * ( ) bc b c s v i i = × - equation2059-ansi v1 en (equation 489) ca * * ( ) ca c a s v i i = × - equation2060-ansi v1 en (equation 490) a * 3 a a s v i = × × equation2061-ansi v1 en (equation 491) b * 3 b b s v i = × × equation2062-ansi...

  • Page 558

    Operate angle1(2) power1(2) p q en06000441.Vsd iec06000441 v1 en figure 283: underpower mode the setting power1(2) gives the power component pick up value in the angle1(2) direction. The setting is given in p.U. Of the generator rated power, see equation 494 . Minimum recommended setting is 0.2% of ...

  • Page 559

    Operate angle1(2) = 0 ° power1(2) p q en06000556.Vsd iec06000556 v1 en figure 284: for low forward power the set angle should be 0° in the underpower function tripdelay1(2) is set in seconds to give the time delay for trip of the stage after pick up. Hysteresis1(2) is given in p.U. Of generator rate...

  • Page 560

    The value of k=0.92 is recommended in generator applications as the trip delay is normally quite long. The calibration factors for current and voltage measurement errors are set % of rated current/voltage: imagcomp5, imagcomp30, imagcomp100 vmagcomp5, vmagcomp30, vmagcomp100 imagcomp5, imagcomp30, i...

  • Page 561

    Often, the motoring condition may imply that the turbine is in a very dangerous state. The task of the reverse power protection is to protect the turbine and not to protect the generator itself. Steam turbines easily become overheated if the steam flow becomes too low or if the steam ceases to flow ...

  • Page 562

    A hydro turbine that rotates in water with closed wicket gates will draw electric power from the rest of the power system. This power will be about 10% of the rated power. If there is only air in the hydro turbine, the power demand will fall to about 3%. Diesel engines should have reverse power prot...

  • Page 563

    Table 41: complex power calculation set value mode formula used for complex power calculation a,b,c * * * a b c a b c s v i v i v i = × + × + × equation2038 v1 en (equation 498) arone * * a c ab bc s v i v i = × × - equation2039 v1 en (equation 499) posseq * posseq posseq s 3 v i = × × equation2040 ...

  • Page 564

    Operate angle1(2) power1(2) p q en06000440.Vsd iec06000440 v1 en figure 286: overpower mode the setting power1(2) gives the power component pick up value in the angle1(2) direction. The setting is given in p.U. Of the generator rated power, see equation 507 . Minimum recommended setting is 0.2% of s...

  • Page 565

    Operate angle1(2 ) = 180 o power1(2) p q iec06000557-2-en.Vsd iec06000557 v2 en figure 287: for reverse power the set angle should be 180° in the overpower function tripdelay1(2) is set in seconds to give the time delay for trip of the stage after pick up. Hysteresis1(2) is given in p.U. Of generato...

  • Page 566

    S td s td s old calculated = ⋅ + − ( ) ⋅ 1 equation1893-ansi v1 en (equation 509) where s is a new measured value to be used for the protection function s old is the measured value given from the function in previous execution cycle s calculated is the new calculated value in the present execution c...

  • Page 567

    Unsymmetrical check on the line where the ied connected will give alarm or trip at detecting broken conductors. 9.12.3 setting guidelines broken conductor check brcptoc (46) must be set to detect open phase/s (series faults) with different loads on the line. Brcptoc (46) must at the same time be set...

  • Page 568

    Fault affects a generator, the fault current amplitude is a function of time, and it depends on generator characteristic (reactances and time constants), its load conditions (immediately before the fault) and excitation system performance and characteristic. So the fault current amplitude may decay ...

  • Page 569

    • voltage controlled over-current • voltage restrained over-current in both applications a seal-in of the overcurrent function at under-voltage can be included by configuration. 9.13.2.3 undervoltage seal-in in the case of a generator with a static excitation system, which receives its power from th...

  • Page 570

    9.13.3.1 explanation of the setting parameters operation: set to on in order to activate the function; set to off to switch off the complete function. Pickup_curr: operation phase current level given in % of ibase. Characterist: selection of time characteristic: definite time delay and different typ...

  • Page 571

    Vhighlimit: when the measured phase-to-phase voltage is higher than vhighlimit/ 100*vbase, than the pickup level of the overcurrent stage is pickup_curr/100*ibase. In particular, in slope mode it define the second point of the characteristic (pickup_curr/ 100*ibase ; vhighlimit/100*vbase). 9.13.3.2 ...

  • Page 572

    Characteristic of the generator, the excitation system and the short circuit study, the following settings are required: • pickup current of the overcurrent stage: 150% of generator rated current at rated generator voltage; • pickup voltage of the undervoltage stage: 70% of generator rated voltage; ...

  • Page 573

    Section 10 voltage protection 10.1 two step undervoltage protection uv2ptuv (27) 10.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number two step undervoltage protection uv2ptuv 3u symbol-r-2u-greater-than v2 en 27 10.1.2 application...

  • Page 574

    The function has a high measuring accuracy and a settable hysteresis to allow applications to control reactive load. In many cases, uv2ptuv (27) is a useful function in circuits for local or remote automation processes in the power system. 10.1.3 setting guidelines all the voltage conditions in the ...

  • Page 575

    10.1.3.5 backup protection for power system faults the setting must be below the lowest occurring "normal" voltage and above the highest occurring voltage during the fault conditions under consideration. 10.1.3.6 settings for two step undervoltage protection the following settings can be done for tw...

  • Page 576

    Tresetn: reset time for step n if definite time delay is used, given in s. The default value is 25 ms. Tnmin: minimum operation time for inverse time characteristic for step n, given in s. When using inverse time characteristic for the undervoltage function during very low voltages can give a short ...

  • Page 577

    10.2.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number two step overvoltage protection ov2ptov 3u> symbol-c-2u-smaller-than v2 en 59 10.2.2 application two step overvoltage protection ov2ptov (59) is applicable in all situations, wh...

  • Page 578

    10.2.3 setting guidelines the parameters for two step overvoltage protection (ov2ptov ,59) are set via the local hmi or pcm600. All the voltage conditions in the system where ov2ptov (59) performs its functions should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its voltage and ...

  • Page 579

    10.2.3.4 high impedance grounded systems in high impedance grounded systems, ground-faults cause a voltage increase in the non- faulty phases. Two step overvoltage protection (ov2ptov, 59) is used to detect such faults. The setting must be above the highest occurring "normal" voltage and below the l...

  • Page 580

    In most applications it is sufficient that one phase voltage is high to give operation. If the function shall be insensitive for single phase-to-ground faults 1 out of 3 can be chosen, because the voltage will normally rise in the non-faulted phases at single phase-to-ground faults. In subtransmissi...

  • Page 581

    0 100 crvsatn b c × - > equation1448 v1 en (equation 512) hystabsn: absolute hysteresis set in % of vbase. The setting of this parameter is highly dependent of the application. If the function is used as control for automatic switching of reactive compensation devices the hysteresis must be set smal...

  • Page 582

    10.3.3 setting guidelines all the voltage conditions in the system where rov2ptov (59n) performs its functions should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its voltage withstand capability and time characteristic. All voltage-related settings are made as a percentage of a...

  • Page 583

    10.3.3.4 high impedance grounded systems in high impedance grounded systems, ground faults cause a neutral voltage in the feeding transformer neutral. Two step residual overvoltage protection rov2ptov (59n) is used to trip the transformer, as a backup protection for the feeder ground fault protectio...

  • Page 584

    V _a v_b v_ c v _a f il 1 f v_b v _c 3v 0 ansi07000189-1-en.Vsd ansi07000189 v1 en figure 290: ground fault in direct grounded system 10.3.3.6 settings for two step residual overvoltage protection operation: disabled or enabled vbase (given in globalbasesel) is used as voltage reference for the set ...

  • Page 585

    Operationstepn: this is to enable/disable operation of step n. Characteristicn: selected inverse time characteristic for step n. This parameter gives the type of time delay to be used. The setting can be, definite time or inverse curve a or inverse curve b or inverse curve c or prog. Inv. Curve. The...

  • Page 586

    Crvsatn: set tuning parameter for step n. When the denominator in the expression of the programmable curve is equal to zero, the time delay will be infinite. There will be an undesired discontinuity. Therefore, a tuning parameter crvsatn is set to compensate for this phenomenon. In the voltage inter...

  • Page 587

    Occuring at disturbance where high voltages and/or low frequencies can occur. Overexcitation can occur during start-up and shut-down of the generator if the field current is not properly adjusted. Loss-of load or load-shedding can also result in overexcitation if the voltage control and frequency go...

  • Page 588

    Any characteristic by setting the operate time for six different figures of overexcitation in the range from 100% to 180% of rated v/hz. When configured to a single phase-to-phase voltage input, a corresponding phase-to- phase current is calculated which has the same phase angle relative the phase-t...

  • Page 589

    Block: the input will block the operation of the overexcitation protection oexpvph (24), for example, the block input can be used to block the operation for a limited time during special service conditions. Reset: oexpvph (24) has a thermal memory, which can take a long time to reset. Activation of ...

  • Page 590

    Of the capability curve of the transformer/generator. Setting should be above the knee- point when the characteristic starts to be straight on the high side. Xleakage: the transformer leakage reactance on which the compensation of voltage measurement with load current is based. The setting shall be ...

  • Page 591

    The settings pickup2 and pickup1 are made in per unit of the rated voltage of the transformer winding at rated frequency. Set the transformer adapted curve for a transformer with overexcitation characteristics in according to figure 292 . Pickup1 for the protection is set equal to the permissible co...

  • Page 592

    1 2 5 50 200 110 120 130 140 150 100 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 10 20 100 v/hz % continous time (minutes) t6 t5 t4 t3 t2 t1 transformer capability curve relay operate characteristic en01000377.Vsd iec01000377 v1 en figure 292: example on overexcitation capability curve and v/hz protection settings for power t...

  • Page 593

    Indicates a fault, either short-circuited or open element in the capacitor bank. It is mainly used on elements with external fuses but can also be used on elements with internal fuses instead of a current unbalance protection measuring the current between the neutrals of two half’s of the capacitor ...

  • Page 594

    The application to supervise the voltage on two voltage transformers in the generator circuit is shown in figure 294 . Vd> v1 v2 to protection to excitation gen en06000389_ansi.Vsd ansi06000389 v1 en figure 294: supervision of fuses on generator circuit voltage transformers 10.5.3 setting guidelines...

  • Page 595

    The differential voltage achieved as a service value for each phase. The factor is defined as v2 · rflx and shall be equal to the v1 voltage. Each phase has its own ratio factor. Vdtrip: the voltage differential level required for tripping is set with this parameter. For application on capacitor ban...

  • Page 596

    10.6 loss of voltage check lovptuv (27) 10.6.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number loss of voltage check lovptuv - 27 10.6.2 application the trip of the circuit breaker at a prolonged loss of voltage at all the three pha...

  • Page 597

    10.7.2 application the most common application of the papgapc (27) function is to provide tripping at the remote end of lines with passive load or with weak end infeed. The function must be included in the terminal at the weak infeed end of the feeder. Permissive communication schemes can basically ...

  • Page 598

    Del3phop: enabling of delayed three phase operation. Rescurroper: enabling of residual current operation. Trescurr: time delay for residual current indication. Section 10 1mrk 506 369-uus - voltage protection 592 line distance protection rel670 2.2 ansi application manual.

  • Page 599

    Section 11 frequency protection 11.1 underfrequency protection saptuf (81) 11.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number underfrequency protection saptuf f symbol-p v1 en 81 11.1.2 application underfrequency protection sapt...

  • Page 600

    11.1.3 setting guidelines all the frequency and voltage magnitude conditions in the system where saptuf (81) performs its functions should be considered. The same also applies to the associated equipment, its frequency and time characteristic. There are two specific application areas for saptuf (81)...

  • Page 601

    11.2.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number overfrequency protection saptof f > symbol-o v1 en 81 11.2.2 application overfrequency protection function saptof (81) is applicable in all situations, where reliable detection ...

  • Page 602

    Equipment protection, such as for motors and generators the setting has to be well above the highest occurring "normal" frequency and well below the highest acceptable frequency for the equipment. Power system protection, by generator shedding the setting must be above the highest occurring "normal"...

  • Page 603

    11.3.3 setting guidelines the parameters for rate-of-change frequency protection sapfrc (81) are set via the local hmi or or through the protection and control manager (pcm600). All the frequency and voltage magnitude conditions in the system where sapfrc (81) performs its functions should be consid...

  • Page 604

    598.

  • Page 605

    Section 12 multipurpose protection 12.1 general current and voltage protection cvgapc 12.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number general current and voltage protection cvgapc 2(i>/u - 12.1.2 application a breakdown of th...

  • Page 606

    • definite time delay or inverse time overcurrent toc/idmt delay for both steps • second harmonic supervision is available in order to only allow operation of the overcurrent stage(s) if the content of the second harmonic in the measured current is lower than pre-set level • directional supervision ...

  • Page 607

    Table 43: available selection for current quantity within cvgapc function set value for parameter "currentinput” comment 1 phasea cvgapc function will measure the phase a current phasor 2 phaseb cvgapc function will measure the phase b current phasor 3 phasec cvgapc function will measure the phase c...

  • Page 608

    Table 44: available selection for voltage quantity within cvgapc function set value for parameter "voltageinput" comment 1 phasea cvgapc function will measure the phase a voltage phasor 2 phaseb cvgapc function will measure the phase b voltage phasor 3 phasec cvgapc function will measure the phase c...

  • Page 609

    To-phase voltages vab, vbc and vca. This information about actual vt connection is entered as a setting parameter for the pre-processing block, which will then take automatically care about it. 12.1.2.2 base quantities for cvgapc function the parameter settings for the base quantities, which represe...

  • Page 610

    • 80-95% stator earth fault protection (measured or calculated 3vo) (59gn) • rotor earth fault protection (with external combiflex rxtte4 injection unit) (64f) • underimpedance protection (21) • voltage controlled/restrained overcurrent protection (51c, 51v) • turn-to-turn & differential backup prot...

  • Page 611

    There is a risk that the current into the generator at inadvertent energization will be limited so that the “normal” overcurrent or underimpedance protection will not detect the dangerous situation. The delay of these protection functions might be too long. The reverse power protection might detect ...

  • Page 612

    Minimum pickup of such protection function shall be set above natural system unbalance level. An example will be given, how sensitive-ground-fault protection for power lines can be achieved by using negative-sequence directional overcurrent protection elements within a cvgapc function. This function...

  • Page 613

    If required, this cvgapc function can be used in directional comparison protection scheme for the power line protection if communication channels to the remote end of this power line are available. In that case typically two negseq overcurrent steps are required. One for forward and one for reverse ...

  • Page 614

    Op 2 ns r td t i i = æ ö ç ÷ è ø equation1740-ansi v1 en (equation 515) where: t op is the operating time in seconds of the negative sequence overcurrent ied td is the generator capability constant in seconds i ns is the measured negative sequence current i r is the generator rated current by defini...

  • Page 615

    Op p t td a b m c = × æ ö + ç ÷ - è ø equation1742-ansi v1 en (equation 518) where: t op is the operating time in seconds of the inverse time overcurrent toc/idmt algorithm td is time multiplier (parameter setting) m is ratio between measured current magnitude and set pickup current level a, b, c an...

  • Page 616

    12.1.3.3 generator stator overload protection in accordance with iec or ansi standards example will be given how to use one cvgapc function to provide generator stator overload protection in accordance with iec or ansi standard if minimum-operating current shall be set to 116% of generator rating. T...

  • Page 617

    In order to achieve such protection functionality with one cvgapc functions the following must be done: 1. Connect three-phase generator currents to one cvgapc instance (for example, gf01) 2. Set parameter currentinput to value posseq 3. Set base current value to the rated generator current in prima...

  • Page 618

    Proper timing of cvgapc function made in this way can easily be verified by secondary injection. All other settings can be left at the default values. If required delayed time reset for oc1 step can be set in order to insure proper function operation in case of repetitive overload conditions. Furthe...

  • Page 619

    12.1.3.5 voltage restrained overcurrent protection for generator and step-up transformer example will be given how to use one cvgapc function to provide voltage restrained overcurrent protection for a generator. Let us assume that the time coordination study gives the following required settings: • ...

  • Page 620

    • maximum generator capability to contentiously absorb reactive power at zero active loading 38% of the generator mva rating • generator pull-out angle 84 degrees this functionality can be achieved by using one cvgapc function. The following shall be done in order to insure proper operation of the f...

  • Page 621

    0.2 0.4 0.6 -0.2 0.6 0.8 0.8 1 d ilowset b a c 0.4 0.2 0 1.2 1.4 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -rca operating region q [pu] p [pu] rca v ps i ps ilowset operating region en05000535_ansi.Vsd ansi05000535 v1 en figure 295: loss of excitation 1mrk 506 369-uus - section 12 multipurpose protection line distance protect...

  • Page 622

    616.

  • Page 623

    Section 13 system protection and control 13.1 multipurpose filter smaihpac 13.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number multipurpose filter smaihpac - - 13.1.2 application the multi-purpose filter, function block with name...

  • Page 624

    • sub-synchronous resonance protection for turbo generators • sub-synchronous protection for wind turbines/wind farms • detection of sub-synchronous oscillation between hvdc links and synchronous generators • super-synchronous protection • detection of presence of the geo-magnetic induced currents •...

  • Page 625

    13.1.3 setting guidelines 13.1.3.1 setting example a relay type used for generator subsynchronous resonance overcurrent protection shall be replaced. The relay had inverse time operating characteristic as given with the following formula: 01 op s k t t i = + equation13000029 v1 en (equation 523) whe...

  • Page 626

    Filterlength 1.0 s overlap 75 operation on now the settings for the multi-purpose overcurrent stage one shall be derived in order to emulate the existing relay operating characteristic. To achieve exactly the same inverse time characteristic the programmable idmt characteristic is used which for mul...

  • Page 627

    Setting group1 operation on currentinput maxph ibase 1000 voltageinput maxph ubase 20.50 operharmrestr off i_2ndi_fund 20.0 blklevel2nd 5000 enrestraincurr off restrcurrinput posseq restrcurrcoeff 0.00 rcadir -75 roadir 75 lowvolt_vm 0.5 oc1 setting group1 operation_oc1 on startcurr_oc1 30.0 currmul...

  • Page 628

    622.

  • Page 629

    Section 14 secondary system supervision 14.1 current circuit supervision (87) 14.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number current circuit supervision ccsspvc - 87 14.1.2 application open or short circuited current transfo...

  • Page 630

    14.1.3 setting guidelines globalbasesel: selects the global base value group used by the function to define ibase, vbase and sbase as applicable. Current circuit supervision ccsspvc (87) compares the residual current from a three- phase set of current transformer cores with the neutral point current...

  • Page 631

    Protection and monitoring devices are another possibilities. These solutions are combined to get the best possible effect in the fuse failure supervision function (fufspvc). Fufspvc function built into the ied products can operate on the basis of external binary signals from the miniature circuit br...

  • Page 632

    The voltage threshold vppu is used to identify low voltage condition in the system. Set vppu below the minimum operating voltage that might occur during emergency conditions. We propose a setting of approximately 70% of vbase. The drop off time of 200 ms for dead phase detection makes it recommended...

  • Page 633

    The setting of the current limit 3i2pu is in percentage of parameter ibase. The setting of 3i2pu must be higher than the normal unbalance current that might exist in the system and can be calculated according to equation 528 . 100 2 2 3 ibase i pu i equation1758-ansi v4 en (equation 528) where: i2 i...

  • Page 634

    14.2.3.5 delta v and delta i set the operation mode selector opdvdi to enabled if the delta function shall be in operation. The setting of dvpu should be set high (approximately 60% of vbase) and the current threshold dipu low (approximately 10% of ibase) to avoid unwanted operation due to normal sw...

  • Page 635

    14.3.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number fuse failure supervision vdspvc vts 60 14.3.2 application some protection functions operate on the basis of measured voltage at the relay point. Examples of such protection func...

  • Page 636

    Fusefailsupvn ied a b c v 2a v 2b v 2 c v 1 a v 1 b v 1 c ansi12000143-1-en.Vsd main vt circuit p ilo t v t c ir cu it ansi12000143 v1 en figure 297: application of vdspvc 14.3.3 setting guidelines the parameters for fuse failure supervision vdspvc are set via the local hmi or pcm600. The voltage in...

  • Page 637

    The settings vdif main block, vdif pilot alarm and vsealin are in percentage of the base voltage, vbase. Set vbase to the primary rated phase-to-phase voltage of the potential voltage transformer. Vbase is available in the global base value groups; the particular global base value group, that is use...

  • Page 638

    632.

  • Page 639

    Section 15 control 15.1 synchronism check, energizing check, and synchronizing sesrsyn (25) 15.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number synchrocheck, energizing check, and synchronizing sesrsyn sc/vc symbol-m v1 en 25 15....

  • Page 640

    • the voltages v-line and v-bus are higher than the set values for vhighbussynch and vhighlinesynch of the respective base voltages gblbaseselbus and gblbaseselline. • the difference in the voltage is smaller than the set value of vdiffsynch. • the difference in frequency is less than the set value ...

  • Page 641

    Phases used for sesrsyn, with the settings selphasebus1, selphasebus2, selphaseline2 and selphaseline2, a compensation is made automatically for the voltage amplitude difference and the phase angle difference caused if different setting values are selected for the two sides of the breaker. If needed...

  • Page 642

    • live line and live bus. • voltage level difference. • frequency difference (slip). The bus and line frequency must also be within a range of ±5 hz from rated frequency. • phase angle difference. A time delay is available to ensure that the conditions are fulfilled for a minimum period of time. In ...

  • Page 643

    Fuse fail fuse fail line voltage line bus voltage line reference voltage bus voltage 52 ansi10000079-2-en.Vsd synchrocheck vhighbussc > 50 – 120% of gblbaseselbus vhighlinesc >50 – 120% of gblbaseselline vdiffsc phasediffm phasediffa freqdiffm freqdiffa ansi10000079 v2 en figure 299: principle for t...

  • Page 644

    1 2 a b energizingcheck line voltage bus voltage ansi10000078-4-en.Vsd vlivebusenerg > 50 - 120 % of gblbaseselbus vlivelineenerg > 50 - 120 % of gblbaseselline vdeadbusenerg vdeadlineenerg vmaxenerg gblbaseselline ansi10000078 v4 en figure 300: principle for the energizing check function the energi...

  • Page 645

    Disconnectors auxiliary contacts, the right voltages for the synchronism check and energizing check functions can be selected. Available voltage selection types are for single circuit breaker with double busbars and the breaker-and-a-half arrangement. A double circuit breaker arrangement and single ...

  • Page 646

    Ansi09000171_1_en.Vsd sesrsyn (25) menmode intone psto swposn name1 name2 off dl db dlb slggio name3 name4 ansi09000171 v1 en figure 301: selection of the energizing direction from a local hmi symbol through a selector switch function block. 15.1.3 application examples the synchronism check function...

  • Page 647

    15.1.3.1 single circuit breaker with single busbar linevoltage/1/2/3 bus 1voltage bus 1 189 line v ref 1 fuse vt fuse vt 152 ansi0000093-1-en.Vsd va/vb/vc sesrsyn (25) v3pb1* v3pb2* v3pl1* v3pl2* block blksynch blksc blkenerg bus1_op bus1_cl bus2_op bus2_cl line1_op line1_cl line2_op line2_cl vb1ok ...

  • Page 648

    15.1.3.2 single circuit breaker with double busbar, external voltage selection line voltag e 1/2/3 bus voltage bus 1 bus 2 189 289 line fuse vt fuse vt fuse vt 152 ansi10000094-1-en.Vsd vref1 va/vb/ v c sesrsyn (25) v3pb1* v3pb2* v3pl1* v3pl2* block blksynch blksc blkenerg bus1_op bus1_cl bus2_op bu...

  • Page 649

    15.1.3.3 single circuit breaker with double busbar, internal voltage selection linevoltage/1/2/3 bus1voltage bus2voltage bus 1 bus 2 189 289 line vref1 vref2 va/vb/vc fuse vt fuse vt fuse vt 152 ansi10000095-1-en.Vsd sesrsyn (25) v3pb1* v3pb2* v3pl1* v3pl2* block blksynch blksc blkenerg bus1_op bus1...

  • Page 650

    15.1.3.4 double circuit breaker linevoltage/1/2/3 bus 1 voltage bus 2 voltage bus 1 bus 2 line 252 fuse vt fuse vt fuse vt 152 252 152 ansi10000096-1-en.Vsd vref1 vref2 va/vb/vc sesrsyn (25) v3pb1* v3pb2* v3pl1* v3pl2* block blksynch blksc blkenerg bus1_op bus1_cl bus2_op bus2_cl line1_op line1_cl l...

  • Page 651

    A double breaker arrangement requires two function blocks, one for breaker wa1_qa1 and one for breaker wa2_qa1. No voltage selection is necessary, because the voltage from busbar 1 vt is connected to v3pb1 on sesrsyn for wa1_qa1 and the voltage from busbar 2 vt is connected tov3pb1 on sesrsyn for wa...

  • Page 652

    Tie cb bus 1 cb ansi10000097-1-en.Vsd vref1 vref2 bus1 voltage bus 2voltage line 1 voltage 1/2/3 line 2 voltage 989 989 line 1 line 2 vref3 bus 1 bus 2 289 189 152 289 189 152 fuse vt fuse vt 6189 6289 152 fuse vt fuse vt va/vb/vc sesrsyn (25) v3pb1* v3pb2* v3pl1* v3pl2* block blksynch blksc blkener...

  • Page 653

    The connections are similar in all sesrsyn functions, apart from the breaker position indications. The physical analog connections of voltages and the connection to the ied and sesrsyn (25) function blocks must be carefully checked in pcm600. In all sesrsyn functions the connections and configuratio...

  • Page 654

    15.1.4 setting guidelines the setting parameters for the synchronizing, synchronism check and energizing check function sesrsyn (25) are set via the local hmi (lhmi) or pcm600. This setting guidelines describes the settings of the sesrsyn (25) function via the lhmi. Common base ied value for primary...

  • Page 655

    • no voltage selection, no voltage sel. • single circuit breaker with double bus, double bus • breaker-and-a-half arrangement with the breaker connected to busbar 1, 1 1/2 bus cb • breaker-and-a-half arrangement with the breaker connected to busbar 2, 1 1/2 bus alt. Cb • breaker-and-a-half arrangeme...

  • Page 656

    It is better to let the synchronizing function close, as it will close at exactly the right instance if the networks run with a frequency difference. To avoid overlapping of the synchronizing function and the synchrocheck function the setting freqdiffmin must be set to a higher value than used setti...

  • Page 657

    Outside the limits from the start, a margin needs to be added. A typical setting is 600 seconds. Tminsynch the setting tminsynch is set to limit the minimum time at which the synchronizing closing attempt is given. The synchronizing function will not give a closing command within this time, from whe...

  • Page 658

    Tscm and tsca the purpose of the timer delay settings, tscm and tsca, is to ensure that the synchrocheck conditions remains constant and that the situation is not due to a temporary interference. Should the conditions not persist for the specified time, the delay timer is reset and the procedure is ...

  • Page 659

    A disconnected line can have a considerable potential due to, for instance, induction from a line running in parallel, or by being fed via the extinguishing capacitors in the circuit breakers. This voltage can be as high as 30% or more of the base line voltage. Because the setting ranges of the thre...

  • Page 660

    15.2.2 application automatic reclosing is a well-established method for the restoration of service in a power system after a transient line fault. The majority of line faults are flashovers, which are transient by nature. When the power line is switched off by the operation of line protection and li...

  • Page 661

    Single-pole tripping and single-phase automatic reclosing is a way of limiting the effect of a single-phase line fault on power system operation. Especially at higher voltage levels, the majority of faults are of single-phase type (around 90%). To maintain system stability in power systems with limi...

  • Page 662

    The auto recloser can be selected to perform single-phase and/or three-phase automatic reclosing from several single-shot to multiple-shot reclosing programs. The three-phase auto reclosing dead time can be set to give either high-speed automatic reclosing (hsar) or delayed automatic reclosing (dar)...

  • Page 663

    • evolving fault where the fault during the dead-time spreads to another phase. The other two phases must then be tripped and a three phase dead-time and auto reclose initiated • permanent fault • fault during three-phase dead time • auto recloser out of service or circuit breaker not ready for an a...

  • Page 664

    Distance protection aided trip. In some cases also directional ground fault protection aided trip can be connected to start an auto reclose attempt. If general trip is used to start the auto recloser it is important to block it from other functions that should not start an auto reclosing sequence. I...

  • Page 665

    Depending of the starting principle (general trip or only instantaneous trip) adopted above the delayed and back-up zones might not be required. Breaker failure trip local and remote must however always be connected. 15.2.2.5 control of the auto reclosing dead time for shot 1 up to four different ti...

  • Page 666

    The decision for single- and three-phase trip is also made in the tripping logic (smpttrc) function block where the setting 3 phase, 1ph/3ph (or 1ph/2ph/3ph) is selected. 15.2.2.8 armode = 3ph, (normal setting for a three-phase shot) three-phase auto reclosing, one to five shots according to the noo...

  • Page 667

    15.2.2.10 armode = 1/2ph , 1-phase or 2-phase reclosing in the first shot at single-pole or two-pole tripping, the operation is as in the example described above, program mode 1/2/3ph. If the first reclosing shot fails, a three-pole trip will be issued and three-pole auto reclosing can follow, if se...

  • Page 668

    Modeint (integer) armode type of fault 1st shot 2nd-5th shot 2 1/2/3ph 1ph 1ph 3ph 2ph 2ph 3ph 3ph 3ph 3ph 3 1/2ph 1ph 1ph 3ph 2ph 2ph 3ph 3ph ..... ..... 4 1ph + 1*2ph 1ph 1ph 3ph 2ph 2ph ..... 3ph ..... ..... 5 1/2ph + 1*3ph 1ph 1ph 3ph 2ph 2ph 3ph 3ph 3ph ..... 6 1ph + 1*2/3ph 1ph 1ph 3ph 2ph 2ph...

  • Page 669

    15.2.2.15 auto reclosing reset timer the treset timer defines the time it takes from issue of the breaker closing command, until the auto recloser resets. Should a new trip occur during this time, it is treated as a continuation of the first fault. The reclaim timer is started when the circuit break...

  • Page 670

    To generate a lock-out of manual circuit breaker closing until the operator has reset the lock-out, see separate section. 15.2.2.19 lock-out initiation in many cases there is a requirement that a lock-out is generated when the auto reclosing attempt fails. This is done with logic connected to the in...

  • Page 671

    Close command or smbrrec (79) or ccrbrf (50bf) bj-trip zcvpsof-trip inhibit unsuccl bjtrip ansi05000316_2_en.Vsd smpptrc (94) smbo and reset lock-out or or sesrsyn (25) software or io reset auto stop man enok man close smbrrec (79) close setlkout cllout rstlout ansi05000316 v2 en figure 310: lock-ou...

  • Page 672

    15.2.2.22 thermal overload protection holding the auto recloser back if the tholhold input (thermal overload protection holding auto reclosing back) is activated, it will keep the auto recloser on a hold until it is reset. There may thus be a considerable delay between start of the auto recloser and...

  • Page 673

    Protection trip or from breaker failure protection. When the circuit breaker open position is set to start the auto recloser, then manual opening must also be connected here. The inhibit is often a combination of signals from external ieds via the i/o and internal functions. An or-gate is then used ...

  • Page 674

    Ri the start input should be connected to the trip function (smpptrc) output, which starts the auto recloser for 1/2/3-phase operation. It can also be connected to a binary input for start from an external contact. A logical or-gate can be used to combine the number of start sources. If startbycbope...

  • Page 675

    Wait used to hold back reclosing of the “low priority unit” during sequential auto reclosing. See “recommendation for multi-breaker arrangement” below. The signal is activated from output wfmaster on the second breaker auto recloser in multi-breaker arrangements. Zonestep the zonestep input is used ...

  • Page 676

    Closecmd connect to a binary output for circuit breaker closing command. Count1p, count2p, count3p1, count3p2, count3p3, count3p4 and count3p5 indicates the number of auto reclosing shots made for respective shot. Countar indicates the total number of auto reclosing shots made. Inhibout if the inhib...

  • Page 677

    Succl if the circuit breaker closing command is given and the circuit breaker is closed within the set time interval tunsuccl, the succl output is activated after the set time interval tsuccessful. Syncfail the syncfail output indicates that the auto recloser is inhibited because the synchrocheck or...

  • Page 678

    Ansi04000135-3-en.Vsd on off blkon blkoff inhibit blocked seton inprogr active unsuccl succl closecmd 1pt1 wfmaster reset ri tholhold ready trsotf sync input xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx or or output xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx protection xxxx-trip zcvpsof-trip zmqpdis (21)--trip sesrsyn (25)-aut...

  • Page 679

    Ansi04000136-3-en.Vsd on off blkon blkoff inhibit blocked seton inprogr active unsuccl succl closecb permit1p 3pt1 wfmaster reset 1pt1 2pt1 trsotf tr2p tr3p sync input xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx or or output xx or protection xxxx-trip zcvpsof-trip zmqpdis (21)-trip trip-tr2p trip-tr3p sesrsyn (25...

  • Page 680

    When the wait input resets. The mimimum settable time for tslavedeadtime is 0.1sec because both master and slave should not send the breaker closing command at the same time. The slave should take the duration of the breaker closing time of the master into consideration before sending the breaker cl...

  • Page 681

    Ansi04000137-3-en.Vsd active unsuccl ready 3pt2 3pt3 wait cbready trsotf reset blkoff blkon off on blocked seton inprogr 3pt4 sync inhibit terminal ‘‘ master ” priority = high smbrrec (79) wait terminal ‘‘ slave ” priority = low cb1 cb2 wfmaster wfmaster *) other input/output signals as in previous ...

  • Page 682

    General settings operation: the operation of the auto recloser can be switched enabled or disabled. Externalctrl: this setting makes it possible to switch the auto recloser on or off using an external switch via io or communication ports. Armode: there are six different possibilities in the selectio...

  • Page 683

    Recloser increases its actual shot number by one and enters “reset time” status. If a start is received during this reclaim time the auto recloser is proceeding as usual but with the dead time for the increased shot number. Every new increase of the shot number needs a new activation of the zonestep...

  • Page 684

    Treset: the reclaim time sets the time for resetting the function to its original state, after which a line fault and tripping will be treated as an independent new case with a new auto reclosing cycle. One may consider a nominal cb duty cycle of for instance, o – 0.3sec – co – 3min – co. However th...

  • Page 685

    Three-phase auto reclosing dead time: different local phenomena, such as moisture, salt, pollution, can influence the required dead time. Some users apply delayed auto reclosing (dar) with delays of 10s or more. Extended t1: the time extension below is controlled by the extended t1 setting. Textende...

  • Page 686

    Is 0.1sec because both master and slave should not send the circuit breaker closing command at the same time. 15.3 apparatus control apc 15.3.1 application the apparatus control is a functionality for control and supervising of circuit breakers, disconnectors, and grounding switches within a bay. Pe...

  • Page 687

    Features in the apparatus control function: • operation of primary apparatuses • select-execute principle to give high security • selection and reservation function to prevent simultaneous operation • selection and supervision of operator place • command supervision • block/deblock of operation • bl...

  • Page 688

    En05000116_ansi.Vsd sxcbr scswi scilo sxcbr sxcbr scswi scilo sxswi 189 989 iec 61850 qcbay 152 ansi05000116 v1 en figure 315: signal flow between apparatus control function blocks when all functions are situated within the ied section 15 1mrk 506 369-uus - control 682 line distance protection rel67...

  • Page 689

    Merging unit bay level ied xcbr xcbr xcbr scswi iec 61850 on station bus xswi qcbay scilo scswi goosexlnrcv scilo xlnproxy goosexlnrcv xlnproxy -qa1 -qb1 -qb9 goose over process bus iec16000070-1-en.Vsdx iec16000070 v1 en figure 316: signal flow between apparatus control functions with xcbr and xswi...

  • Page 690

    Control operation can be performed from the local ied hmi. If users are defined in the ied, then the local/remote switch is under authority control, otherwise the default user can perform control operations from the local ied hmi without logging in. The default position of the local/remote switch is...

  • Page 691

    15.3.1.1 bay control qcbay the bay control (qcbay) is used to handle the selection of the operator place per bay. The function gives permission to operate from two main types of locations either from remote (for example, control centre or station hmi) or from local (local hmi on the ied) or from all...

  • Page 692

    15.3.1.2 switch controller scswi scswi may handle and operate on one three-phase device or three one-phase switching devices. After the selection of an apparatus and before the execution, the switch controller performs the following checks and actions: • a request initiates to reserve other bays to ...

  • Page 693

    The purpose of these functions is to provide the actual status of positions and to perform the control operations, that is, pass all the commands to the primary apparatus via output boards and to supervise the switching operation and position. Switches have the following functionalities: • local/rem...

  • Page 694

    Iec16000071 v1 en figure 318: configuration with xlnproxy and goosexlnrcv where all the iec 61850 modelled data is used, including selection section 15 1mrk 506 369-uus - control 688 line distance protection rel670 2.2 ansi application manual.

  • Page 695

    Iec16000072 v1 en figure 319: configuration with xlnproxy and goosexlnrcv where only the mandatory data in the iec 61850 modelling is used all the information from the xlnproxy to the scswi about command following status, causes for failed command and selection status is transferred in the output xp...

  • Page 696

    Table 50: possible cause values from xlnproxy cause no cause description conditions 8 blocked-by-mode the beh input is 5. 2 blocked-by-switching-hierarchy the loc input indicates that only local commands are allowed for the breaker ied function. -24 blocked-for-open-cmd the blkopn is active indicati...

  • Page 697

    Wants the reservation sends a reservation request to other bays and then waits for a reservation granted signal from the other bays. Actual position indications from these bays are then transferred over the station bus for evaluation in the ied. After the evaluation the operation can be executed wit...

  • Page 698

    En 05000118_ansi.Vsd scswi selected res_ ext + ied bi bo ied bi bo or other scswi in the bay ansi05000118 v2 en figure 321: application principles for reservation with external wiring the solution in figure 321 can also be realized over the station bus according to the application example in figure ...

  • Page 699

    • the switch controller (scswi) initializes all operations for one apparatus. It is the command interface of the apparatus. It includes the position reporting as well as the control of the position • the circuit breaker (sxcbr) is the process interface to the circuit breaker for the apparatus contro...

  • Page 700

    Sxcbr (circuit breaker) interlocking function block (not a ln) scswi (switching control) qcbay (bay control) smbrrec (auto- reclosure) i/o trip close rel. Res. Req. S ta rt a r close cb position res. Granted operator place selection scswi (switching control) sxswi (disconnector) open cmd close cmd p...

  • Page 701

    Ansi05000120-2-en.Vsd zmqpdis (distance) sxcbr (circuit breaker) interlocking function block (not a ln) scswi (switching control) qcbay (bay control) smbrrec (auto- reclosure) i/o trip close rel. Res. Req. In iti at e a r close cb position res. Granted operator place selection scswi (switching contr...

  • Page 702

    15.3.3.1 bay control (qcbay) if the parameter allpstovalid is set to no priority, all originators from local and remote are accepted without any priority. If the parameter remoteincstation is set to yes, commands from iec 61850-8-1 clients at both station and remote level are accepted, when the qcba...

  • Page 703

    Function. If tsynchrocheck is set to 0, no synchrocheck is done, before starting the synchronizing function. The timer tsynchronizing supervises that the signal synchronizing in progress is obtained in scswi after start of the synchronizing function. The start signal for the synchronizing is set if ...

  • Page 704

    Tclosepulse is the output pulse length for a close command. If adaptivepulse is set to adaptive, it is the maximum length of the output pulse for an open command. The default length is set to 200 ms for a circuit breaker (sxcbr) and 500 ms for a disconnector (sxswi). 15.3.3.4 proxy for signals from ...

  • Page 705

    Reservation request of other bays (res_bays) will not be activated at selection of apparatus x. 15.3.3.6 reservation input (resin) with the futureuse parameter set to bay future use the function can handle bays not yet installed in the sa system. 15.4 interlocking (3) the main purpose of switchgear ...

  • Page 706

    The positions of all switching devices in a bay and from some other bays determine the conditions for operational interlocking. Conditions from other stations are usually not available. Therefore, a line grounding switch is usually not fully interlocked. The operator must be convinced that the line ...

  • Page 707

    15.4.2.1 application the interlocking for line bay (abc_line, 3) function is used for a line connected to a double busbar arrangement with a transfer busbar according to figure 324 . The function can also be used for a double busbar arrangement without transfer busbar or a single busbar arrangement ...

  • Page 708

    For bay n, these conditions are valid: and bb7_d_op vp_bb7_d exdu_bpb en04000477_ansi.Vsd and and 789optr (bay 1) 789optr (bay 2) . . . . . . 789optr (bay n-1) vp789tr (bay 1) vp789tr (bay 2) . . . . . . Vp789tr (bay n-1) exdu_bpb (bay 1) exdu_bpb (bay 2) . . . . . . Exdu_bpb (bay n-1) ansi04000477 ...

  • Page 709

    Signal bc_12_cl a bus-coupler connection exists between busbar wa1 and wa2. Bc_17_op no bus-coupler connection between busbar wa1 and wa7. Bc_17_cl a bus-coupler connection exists between busbar wa1and wa7. Bc_27_op no bus-coupler connection between busbar wa2 and wa7. Bc_27_cl a bus-coupler connect...

  • Page 710

    If the busbar is divided by bus-section circuit breakers, the signals from the bus-section coupler bay (a1a2_bs), rather than the bus-section disconnector bay (a1a2_dc) must be used. For b1b2_bs, corresponding signals from busbar b are used. The same type of module (a1a2_bs) is used for different bu...

  • Page 711

    Bc12cltr (sect.1) dccltr (a1a2) dccltr (b1b2) or and bc12cltr (sect.2) vpbc12tr (sect.1) vpdctr (a1a2) vpdctr (b1b2) vpbc12tr (sect.2) or bc17optr (sect.1) dcoptr (a1a2) bc17optr (sect.2) bc17cltr (sect.1) dccltr (a1a2) bc17cltr (sect.2) vpbc17tr (sect.1) vpdctr (a1a2) vpbc17tr (sect.2) bc27optr (se...

  • Page 712

    15.4.2.4 configuration setting if there is no bypass busbar and therefore no 789 disconnector, then the interlocking for 789 is not used. The states for 789, 7189g, bb7_d, bc_17, bc_27 are set to open by setting the appropriate module inputs as follows. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are d...

  • Page 713

    15.4.3 interlocking for bus-coupler bay abc_bc (3) 15.4.3.1 application the interlocking for bus-coupler bay (abc_bc, 3) function is used for a bus-coupler bay connected to a double busbar arrangement according to figure 328 . The function can also be used for a single busbar arrangement with transf...

  • Page 714

    Signal q1289optr 189 or 289 or both are open. Vp1289tr the switch status of 189 and 289 are valid. Exdu_12 no transmission error from the bay that contains the above information. For bus-coupler bay n, these conditions are valid: 1289optr (bay 1) 1289optr (bay 2) . . . . . . 1289optr (bay n-1) and b...

  • Page 715

    The following signals from each bus-section disconnector bay (a1a2_dc) are needed. For b1b2_dc, corresponding signals from busbar b are used. The same type of module (a1a2_dc) is used for different busbars, that is, for both bus-section disconnector a1a2_dc and b1b2_dc. Signal dcoptr the bus-section...

  • Page 716

    For a bus-coupler bay in section 2, the same conditions as above are valid by changing section 1 to section 2 and vice versa. 15.4.3.4 signals from bus-coupler if the busbar is divided by bus-section disconnectors into bus-sections, the signals bc_12 from the busbar coupler of the other busbar secti...

  • Page 717

    Signal dccltr the bus-section disconnector is closed. Vpdctr the switch status of bus-section disconnector dc is valid. Exdu_dc no transmission error from the bay that contains the above information. If the busbar is divided by bus-section circuit breakers, the signals from the bus-section coupler b...

  • Page 718

    Setting the appropriate module inputs as follows. In the functional block diagram, 0 and 1 are designated 0=false and 1=true: • 289_op = 1 • 289_cl = 0 • 789_op = 1 • 789_cl = 0 • 7189g_op = 1 • 7189g_cl = 0 if there is no second busbar b and therefore no 289 and 2089 disconnectors, then the interlo...

  • Page 719

    189 289 189g 289g wa1 (a) wa2 (b) 389g 489g 489 389 252 and 489g are not used in this interlocking ab_trafo en04000515_ansi.Vsd 252 152 ansi04000515 v1 en figure 334: switchyard layout ab_trafo (3) the signals from other bays connected to the module ab_trafo are described below. 15.4.4.2 signals fro...

  • Page 720

    En04000487_ansi.Vsd section 1 section 2 a1a2_dc(bs) b1b2_dc(bs) ab_trafo abc_bc ab_trafo abc_bc (wa1)a1 (wa2)b1 (wa7)c c b2 a2 ansi04000487 v1 en figure 335: busbars divided by bus-section disconnectors (circuit breakers) the project-specific logic for input signals concerning bus-coupler are the sa...

  • Page 721

    If there is no second busbar b at the other side of the transformer and therefore no 489 disconnector, then the state for 489 is set to open by setting the appropriate module inputs as follows: • 489_op = 1 • 489_cl = 0 15.4.5 interlocking for bus-section breaker a1a2_bs (3) 15.4.5.1 application the...

  • Page 722

    En04000489_ansi.Vsd section 1 section 2 a1a2_bs b1b2_bs abc_line abc_bc abc_line abc_bc (wa1)a1 (wa2)b1 (wa7)c c b2 a2 ab_trafo ab_trafo ansi04000489 v1 en figure 337: busbars divided by bus-section circuit breakers to derive the signals: signal bbtr_op no busbar transfer is in progress concerning t...

  • Page 723

    For a bus-section circuit breaker between a1 and a2 section busbars, these conditions are valid: en04000490_ansi.Vsd s1s2optr (b1b2) bc12optr (sect.1) 1289optr (bay 1/sect.2) 1289optr (bay n/sect.2) s1s2optr (b1b2) bc12optr (sect.2) 1289optr (bay 1/sect.1) 1289optr (bay n /sect.1) bbtr_op vp_bbtr ex...

  • Page 724

    En04000491_ansi.Vsd s1s2optr (a1a2) bc12optr (sect.1) 1289optr (bay 1/sect.2) 1289optr (bay n/sect.2) s1s2optr (a1a2) bc12optr (sect.2) 1289optr (bay 1/sect.1) 1289optr (bay n /sect.1) bbtr_op vp_bbtr exdu_12 or and or and . . . . . . . . . . . . And and vps1s2tr (a1a2) vpbc12tr (sect.1) vp1289tr (b...

  • Page 725

    15.4.6 interlocking for bus-section disconnector a1a2_dc (3) 15.4.6.1 application the interlocking for bus-section disconnector (a1a2_dc, 3) function is used for one bus- section disconnector between section 1 and 2 according to figure 340 . A1a2_dc (3) function can be used for different busbars, wh...

  • Page 726

    Signal s1dc_op all disconnectors on bus-section 1 are open. S2dc_op all disconnectors on bus-section 2 are open. Vps1_dc the switch status of disconnectors on bus-section 1 is valid. Vps2_dc the switch status of disconnectors on bus-section 2 is valid. Exdu_bb no transmission error from any bay that...

  • Page 727

    For a bus-section disconnector, these conditions from the a1 busbar section are valid: 189optr (bay 1/sect.A1) s1dc_op vps1_dc exdu_bb en04000494_ansi.Vsd and 189optr (bay n/sect.A1) . . . . . . . . . Vp189tr (bay 1/sect.A1) vp189tr (bay n/sect.A1) exdu_bb (bay 1/sect.A1) exdu_bb (bay n/sect.A1) . ....

  • Page 728

    En04000496_ansi.Vsd 289optr (22089otr)(bay 1/sect.B1) s1dc_op vps1_dc exdu_bb 289optr (22089otr)(bay n/sect.B1) . . . . . . . . . Vp289tr (v22089tr)(bay 1/sect.B1) vp289tr (v22089tr)(bay n/sect.B1) exdu_bb (bay 1/sect.B1) exdu_bb (bay n/sect.B1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And and and ansi04...

  • Page 729

    15.4.6.3 signals in double-breaker arrangement if the busbar is divided by bus-section disconnectors, the condition for the busbar disconnector bay no other disconnector connected to the bus-section must be made by a project-specific logic. The same type of module (a1a2_dc) is used for different bus...

  • Page 730

    The logic is identical to the double busbar configuration “signals in single breaker arrangement”. For a bus-section disconnector, these conditions from the a1 busbar section are valid: en04000499_ansi.Vsd 189optr (bay 1/sect.A1) s1dc_op vps1_dc exdu_bb and 189optr (bay n/sect.A1) . . . . . . . . . ...

  • Page 731

    En04000501_ansi.Vsd 289optr (bay 1/sect.B1) s1dc_op vps1_dc exdu_bb and 289optr (bay n/sect.B1) . . . . . . . . . Vp289tr (bay 1/sect.B1) vp289tr (bay n/sect.B1) exdu_db (bay 1/sect.B1) exdu_db (bay n/sect.B1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And and ansi04000501 v1 en figure 349: signals from do...

  • Page 732

    En04000503_ansi.Vsd section 1 section 2 a1a2_dc(bs) b1b2_dc(bs) bh_line (wa1)a1 (wa2)b1 b2 a2 bh_line bh_line bh_line ansi04000503 v1 en figure 351: busbars divided by bus-section disconnectors (circuit breakers) the project-specific logic is the same as for the logic for the double-breaker configur...

  • Page 733

    15.4.7.2 signals in single breaker arrangement the busbar grounding switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bus- section are open. En04000505_ansi.Vsd section 1 section 2 a1a2_dc(bs) b1b2_dc(bs) ab_trafo abc_line bb_es abc_line (wa1)a1 (wa2)b1 (wa7)c c b2 a2 bb_es abc_bc ansi04...

  • Page 734

    Signal dcoptr the bus-section disconnector is open. Vpdctr the switch status of bus-section disconnector dc is valid. Exdu_dc no transmission error from the bay that contains the above information. If no bus-section disconnector exists, the signal dcoptr, vpdctr and exdu_dc are set to 1 (true). If t...

  • Page 735

    189optr (bay 1/sect.A2) bb_dc_op vp_bb_dc exdu_bb en04000507_ansi.Vsd 189optr (bay n/sect.A2) . . . . . . . . . Vp189tr (bay 1/sect.A2) vp189tr (bay n/sect.A2) vpdctr (a1/a2) exdu_bb (bay n/sect.A2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And dcoptr (a1/a2) exdu_bb (bay 1/sect.A2) exdu_dc (a1/a2) and an...

  • Page 736

    289optr(22089otr)(bay 1/sect.B1) bb_dc_op vp_bb_dc exdu_bb en04000508_ansi.Vsd 289ptr (22089otr)(bay n/sect.B1) . . . . . . . . . Vp289tr(v22089tr) (bay 1/sect.B1) vp289tr(v22089tr) (bay n/sect.B1) vpdctr (b1/b2) exdu_bb (bay n/sect.B1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And and and dcoptr (b1/b2) ...

  • Page 737

    289optr(22089otr) (bay 1/sect.B2) bb_dc_op vp_bb_dc exdu_bb en04000509_ansi.Vsd 289optr(22089otr) (bay n/sect.B2) . . . . . . . . . Vp289tr(v22089tr) (bay 1/sect.B2) vp289tr(v22089tr) (bay n/sect.B2) vpdctr (b1/b2) exdu_bb (bay n/sect.B2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . And dcoptr (b1/b2) exdu_b...

  • Page 738

    15.4.7.3 signals in double-breaker arrangement the busbar grounding switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bus section are open. En04000511_ansi.Vsd section 1 section 2 a1a2_dc(bs) b1b2_dc(bs) bb_es bb_es db_bus (wa1)a1 (wa2)b1 b2 a2 db_bus ansi04000511 v1 en figure 359: busba...

  • Page 739

    The logic is identical to the double busbar configuration described in section “signals in single breaker arrangement”. 15.4.7.4 signals in breaker and a half arrangement the busbar grounding switch is only allowed to operate if all disconnectors of the bus- section are open. En04000512_ansi.Vsd sec...

  • Page 740

    Wa1 (a) wa2 (b) 189 189g 289g 989g 6189 989 289 489g 589g 389g 6289 db_bus_b db_line db_bus_a en04000518_ansi.Vsd 252 152 ansi04000518 v1 en figure 361: switchyard layout double circuit breaker three types of interlocking modules per double circuit breaker bay are defined. Db_bus_a (3) handles the c...

  • Page 741

    If, in this case, line voltage supervision is added, then rather than setting 989 to open state, specify the state of the voltage supervision: • 989_op = volt_off • 989_cl = volt_on if there is no voltage supervision, then set the corresponding inputs as follows: • volt_off = 1 • volt_on = 0 15.4.9 ...

  • Page 742

    Wa1 (a) wa2 (b) 189 189g 289g 989g 689 989 289 189g 289g 389g 689 389g 6289 6189 189g 289g 989g 989 bh_line_a bh_line_b bh_conn en04000513_ansi.Vsd 152 152 152 ansi04000513 v1 en figure 362: switchyard layout breaker-and-a-half three types of interlocking modules per diameter are defined. Bh_line_a ...

  • Page 743

    • 989g_op = 1 • 989g_cl = 0 if, in this case, line voltage supervision is added, then rather than setting 989 to open state, specify the state of the voltage supervision: • 989_op = volt_off • 989_cl = volt_on if there is no voltage supervision, then set the corresponding inputs as follows: • volt_o...

  • Page 744

    The number of positions of the switch can be established by settings (see below), one must be careful in coordinating the settings with the configuration (if one sets the number of positions to x in settings – for example, there will be only the first x outputs available from the block in the config...

  • Page 745

    Vsgapc can be used for both acquiring an external switch position (through the ipos1 and the ipos2 inputs) and represent it through the single line diagram symbols (or use it in the configuration through the outputs pos1 and pos2) as well as, a command function (controlled by the psto input), giving...

  • Page 746

    15.7.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number generic communication function for double point indication dpgapc - - 15.7.2 application generic communication function for double point indication (dpgapc) function block is us...

  • Page 747

    15.7.3 setting guidelines the function does not have any parameters available in the local hmi or pcm600. 15.8 single point generic control 8 signals spc8gapc 15.8.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number single point gener...

  • Page 748

    15.9 automationbits, command function for dnp3.0 autobits 15.9.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number automationbits, command function for dnp3 autobits - - 15.9.2 application automation bits, command function for dnp3 (a...

  • Page 749

    15.10.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number single command, 16 signals singlecmd - - 15.10.2 application single command, 16 signals (singlecmd) is a common function and always included in the ied. The ieds may be provide...

  • Page 750

    Single command function singlecmd cmdouty outy function n en04000207.Vsd function n iec04000207 v2 en figure 365: application example showing a logic diagram for control of built-in functions single command function singlesmd cmdouty outy device 1 user- defined conditions configuration logic circuit...

  • Page 751

    15.10.3 setting guidelines the parameters for single command, 16 signals (singlecmd) are set via the local hmi or pcm600. Parameters to be set are mode, common for the whole block, and cmdouty which includes the user defined name for each output signal. The mode input sets the outputs to be one of t...

  • Page 752

    746.

  • Page 753

    Section 16 scheme communication 16.1 scheme communication logic for distance or overcurrent protection zcpsch(85) 16.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number scheme communication logic for distance or overcurrent protecti...

  • Page 754

    A permissive scheme is inherently faster and has better security against false tripping than a blocking scheme. On the other hand, a permissive scheme depend on a received cr signal for a fast trip, so its dependability is lower than that of a blocking scheme. 16.1.2.1 blocking schemes in a blocking...

  • Page 755

    A b or b z rev a z rev a cs a trip b = or b + tcoord+ cr iec09000015_2_en.Vsd iec09000015 v2 en figure 367: principle of blocking scheme or: overreaching cr: communication signal received cs: communication signal send z rev a : reverse zone 16.1.2.2 delta blocking scheme in the delta blocking scheme...

  • Page 756

    Since the blocking signal is initiated by the delta based detection which is very fast the time delay tcoord can be set to zero seconds, except in cases where the transmission channel is slow. The timer tsendmin for prolonging the send signal is proposed to set to zero. A b or b deltabaseddetection ...

  • Page 757

    The underreaching zones at the local and remote end(s) must overlap in reach to prevent a gap between the protection zones where faults would not be detected. If the underreaching zone do not meet the required sensitivity due to for instance fault infeed from the remote end, a blocking or permissive...

  • Page 758

    Permissive overreaching scheme in a permissive overreaching scheme there is an overreaching zone that issues the send signal. At the remote end the received signal together with the start of an overreaching zone will give an instantaneous trip. The scheme can be used for all line lengths. In permiss...

  • Page 759

    A b or a or b or a cs a trip b = or b + cr b , or b + t2 iec09000014-1-en.Vsd iec09000014 v1 en figure 370: principle of permissive overreaching scheme or: overreaching cr: communication signal received cs: communication signal send t2: timer step 2 unblocking scheme metallic communication paths adv...

  • Page 760

    In an intertrip scheme, the send signal is initiated by an underreaching zone or from an external protection (transformer or reactor protection). At the remote end, the received signals initiate a trip without any further protection criteria. To limit the risk for an unwanted trip due to the spuriou...

  • Page 761

    Set unblock = disabled (set to norestart if unblocking scheme with no alarm for loss of guard is to be used. Set to restart if unblocking scheme with alarm for loss of guard is to be used) set tsecurity = 0.035 s set deltai = 10 %ib set deltav = 5 %vb set delta3i0 = 10 %ib set delta3v0 = 5 %vb 16.1....

  • Page 762

    16.1.3.6 intertrip scheme set operation = enabled set schemetype = intertrip set tcoord = 50 ms (10 ms + maximal transmission time) set tsendmin = 0.1 s (0 s in parallel line applications) set unblock = disabled set tsecurity = 0.015 s 16.2 phase segregated scheme communication logic for distance pr...

  • Page 763

    During power system faults, the time during which the protection schemes must perform their tasks flawlessly. The logic supports the following communications schemes: • blocking scheme • permissive schemes (overreach and underreach) • direct intertrip a permissive scheme is inherently faster and has...

  • Page 764

    Protection ied. A correct single-pole trip can be achieved on both lines and at both line ieds. Zc1ppsch (85) requires three individual channels between the protection ieds on each line in both directions. In case of single-phase faults, only one channel is activated at a time. But in case of multi-...

  • Page 765

    Depending on if the sending signal(s) is issued by underreaching or overreaching zone, it is divided into permissive underreach (pur) or permissive overreach (por) scheme. Permissive underreach scheme permissive underreach scheme is not suitable to use on short line length due to difficulties for di...

  • Page 766

    Subjected to this type of interference, therefore, they must be properly shielded or otherwise designed to provide an adequate communication signal during power system faults. At the permissive overreaching scheme, the carrier send signal (cs) might be issued in parallel both from an overreaching zo...

  • Page 767

    16.2.3.1 permissive underreache scheme set operation = on set scheme type = permissive ur set tcoord = 0 ms set tsendmin = 0.1 s 16.2.3.2 permissive overreach scheme set operation = on set scheme type = permissive or set tcoord = 0 ms set tsendmin = 0.1 s 16.2.3.3 blocking scheme set operation = on ...

  • Page 768

    16.3 current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for distance protection 3-phase zcrwpsch (85) 16.3.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for distance protection 3-phase zcrwpsch...

  • Page 769

    En99000044_ansi.Vsd strong source line 1 line 2 a:1 a:2 b:1 b:2 a b weak source closed closed open closed fault ansi99000044 v1 en figure 373: current distribution for a fault close to b side when breaker b1 has opened to handle this the send signal cs or csln from b2 is held back until the reverse ...

  • Page 770

    • only the trip part of the function can be used together with the blocking scheme. It is not possible to use the echo function to send the echo signal to the remote line ied. The echo signal would block the operation of the distance protection at the remote line end and in this way prevents the cor...

  • Page 771

    When single pole tripping is required, a detailed study of the voltages during phase-to-phase and phase-to-ground faults should be done, at different fault locations. 16.4 current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for phase segregated communication zc1wpsch (85) 16.4.1 identification function descr...

  • Page 772

    When the breaker b1 opens for clearing the fault, the fault current through b2 bay will invert. If the communication signal has not reset at the same time as the distance protection function used in the teleprotection scheme has switched on to forward direction, we will have an unwanted operation of...

  • Page 773

    Line end and in this way prevents the correct operation of a complete protection scheme. • a separate direct intertrip channel must be arranged from remote end when a trip or accelerated trip is given there. The intertrip receive signal is connected to input crl. • the wei function shall be set to o...

  • Page 774

    When single phase tripping is required a detailed study of the voltages at phase-to-phase respectively phase-to-earth faults, at different fault locations, is normally required. 16.5 local acceleration logic zclcpsch 16.5.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 ident...

  • Page 775

    Loadcurr must be set below the current that will flow on the healthy phase when one or two of the other phases are faulty and the breaker has opened at remote end (three-phase). Calculate the setting according to equation 534 . Min 0.5 load base i loadcurr i × = equation1320 v1 en (equation 534) whe...

  • Page 776

    16.6.2 application to achieve fast fault clearance of ground faults on the part of the line not covered by the instantaneous step of the residual overcurrent protection, the directional residual overcurrent protection can be supported with a logic that uses communication channels. One communication ...

  • Page 777

    Operation: disabled or enabled. Schemetype: this parameter can be set to off , intertrip, permissive ur, permissive or or blocking. Tcoord: delay time for trip from ecpsch (85) function. For permissive under/ overreaching schemes, this timer shall be set to at least 20 ms plus maximum reset time of ...

  • Page 778

    En99000043_ansi.Vsd strong source line 1 line 2 a:1 a:2 b:1 b:2 a b weak source fault closed closed closed closed ansi99000043 v1 en figure 376: current distribution for a fault close to b side when all breakers are closed en99000044_ansi.Vsd strong source line 1 line 2 a:1 a:2 b:1 b:2 a b weak sour...

  • Page 779

    En99000054_ansi.Vsd line 1 a b strong source weak source closed closed fault ansi99000054 v1 en figure 378: initial condition for weak-end infeed 16.7.3 setting guidelines the parameters for the current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for residual overcurrent protection function are set via the l...

  • Page 780

    If the teleprotection equipment is integrated in the protection ied the decision time can be slightly reduced. The principle time sequence of signaling at current reversal is shown. Protection function protection function tele- protection equipment tele- protection equipment tele- communication syst...

  • Page 781

    16.8 direct transfer trip logic 16.8.1 application the main purpose of the direct transfer trip (dtt) scheme is to provide a local criterion check on receiving a transfer trip signal from remote end before tripping the local end cb. A typical application for this scheme is a power transformer direct...

  • Page 782

    The trip signal from local criterion will ensure the fault at the remote end and release the trip signal to the local side circuit breaker. The local criterion must detect the abnormal conditions and permit the cr signal to trip the circuit breaker. Dtt scheme comprises following local criteria chec...

  • Page 783

    16.8.3 low active power and power factor protection lappgapc (37_55) 16.8.3.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number low active power and power factor protection lappgapc - 37_55 16.8.3.2 application low active power and po...

  • Page 784

    Trip signal if two or more phases have low power. When the remote breaker has opened, there should theoretically be zero power at the protection measurement point. However, when fault current is fed to the fault point the power loss in the fault will be detected. For operation for all unsymmetrical ...

  • Page 785

    Long transmission line draws substantial quantity of charging current. If such a line is open circuited or lightly loaded at the remote end, the voltage at remote end may exceeds local end voltage. This is known as ferranti effect and is due to the voltage drop across the line inductance (due to cha...

  • Page 786

    The trip signal issued by compensated over and under voltage function should be accompanied by a transfer trip signal received from the remote end. The trip signal should be used as a release signal which can permit a remote transfer trip to be used to trip the local circuit breaker. Setting of over...

  • Page 787

    R l i s i l v s v r i r x sr ied breaker status ansi09000775-1-en.Vsd ansi09000775 v1 en figure 383: breaker status configured with ied 16.8.4.3 setting guidelines globalbasesel: selects the global base value group used by the function to define ibase, vbase and sbase as applicable. Operationuv: use...

  • Page 788

    Enshuntreactor: set enabled or disabled to enable the charging current to be involved in the voltage compensation calculation. Xsh: per phase reactance of the line connected shunt reactor given in ohm. 16.8.5 sudden change in current variation sccvptoc (51) 16.8.5.1 identification function descripti...

  • Page 789

    16.8.6 carrier receive logic lccrptrc (94) 16.8.6.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number carrier receive logic lccrptrc - 94 16.8.6.2 application in the direct transfer trip scheme, the received cr signal gives the trip t...

  • Page 790

    16.8.7.2 application negative sequence symmetrical components are present in all types of fault condition. In case of three phase short circuits the negative sequence voltages and current have transient nature and will therefore decline to zero after some periods. Negative sequence overvoltage prote...

  • Page 791

    16.8.8.2 application zero sequence symmetrical components are present in all abnormal conditions involving ground. They have a considerably high value during ground faults. Zero sequence overvoltage protection (lczsptov, 59n) is a definite time stage comparator function. The zero sequence input volt...

  • Page 792

    16.8.9.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number negative sequence overcurrent protection lcnsptoc - 46 16.8.9.2 application negative sequence symmetrical components are present in all types of fault condition. Negative sequ...

  • Page 793

    16.8.10.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number zero sequence overcurrent protection lczsptoc - 51n 16.8.10.2 application zero sequence symmetrical components are present in all abnormal conditions involving ground. They a...

  • Page 794

    16.8.11.2 application three phase overcurrent (lcp3ptoc, 51) is designed for detecting over current conditions due to fault or any other abnormality in the system. Lcp3ptoc (51) could be used as a back up for other local criterion checks. 16.8.11.3 setting guidelines globalbasesel: selects the globa...

  • Page 795

    16.8.12.3 setting guidelines globalbasesel: selects the global base value group used by the function to define ibase, vbase and sbase as applicable. Pu_37: level of low phase current detection given in % of ibase. This setting is highly depending on the application and therefore can no general rules...

  • Page 796

    790

  • Page 797

    Section 17 logic 17.1 tripping logic smpptrc (94) 17.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number tripping logic smpptrc 1 -> 0 iec15000314 v1 en 94 17.1.2 application all trip signals from the different protection functions ...

  • Page 798

    Have single-pole tripping, while the slave breaker could have three-pole tripping and autoreclosing. In the case of a permanent fault, only one of the breakers has to be operated when the fault is energized a second time. In the event of a transient fault the slave breaker performs a three-pole recl...

  • Page 799

    17.1.2.2 single- and/or three-pole tripping the single-/three-pole tripping will give single-pole tripping for single-phase faults and three-pole tripping for multi-phase fault. The operating mode is always used together with a single-phase autoreclosing scheme. The single-pole tripping can include ...

  • Page 800

    Other back-up functions are connected to the input trinp_3p as described above for three-pole tripping. A typical connection for a single-pole tripping scheme is shown in figure 385 . Ansi05000545=5=en=original.Vsd block blklkout trinp_3p trinp_a trinp_b trinp_c ps_a ps_b ps_c 1ptrz 1ptrgf p3ptr set...

  • Page 801

    That the trip is two phases by connecting the output tr2p to the input tr2p in the smbrrec (79) function. 17.1.2.4 lock-out the smpptrc function block is provided with possibilities to initiate lock-out. The lock- out can be set to only activate the block closing output cllkout or initiate the block...

  • Page 802

    Ansi16000180=1=en=original.Vsdx block bfi_3p fw rev bfi_a fw_a rev_a bfi_b fw_b rev_b bfi_c fw_c rev_c cnd startcomb block bfi_3p fw rev bfi_a fw_a rev_a bfi_b fw_b rev_b bfi_c fw_c rev_c cnd startcomb block pu_dir1 pu_dir2 pu_dir3 pu_dir4 pu_dir5 pu_dir6 pu_dir7 pu_dir8 pu_dir9 pu_dir10 pu_dir11 pu...

  • Page 803

    The trip function (smpptrc) splits up the directional data as general output data for bfi_3p, bfi_a, bfi_b, bfi_c, fw and rev. All start and directional outputs are mapped to the logical node data model of the trip function and provided via the 61850 dirgeneral, dirl1, dirl2, dirl3. Act naming and d...

  • Page 804

    Tevolvingfault: secures two- or three-pole tripping depending on program selection at evolving faults. 17.2 trip matrix logic tmagapc 17.2.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number trip matrix logic tmagapc - - 17.2.2 applic...

  • Page 805

    17.3 logic for group alarm almcalh 17.3.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number logic for group alarm almcalh - - 17.3.2 application group alarm logic function almcalh is used to route alarm signals to different leds and/o...

  • Page 806

    17.5 logic for group indication indcalh 17.5.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number logic for group indication indcalh - - 17.5.1.1 application group indication logic function indcalh is used to route indication signals t...

  • Page 807

    17.6.2 setting guidelines there are no settings for and gates, or gates, inverters or xor gates. For normal on/off delay and pulse timers the time delays and pulse lengths are set from the local hmi or via the pst tool. Both timers in the same logic block (the one delayed on pick-up and the one dela...

  • Page 808

    Iec09000310-2-en.Vsd iec09000310 v2 en figure 388: example designation, serial execution number and cycle time for logic function that also propagates timestamp and quality of input signals the execution of different function blocks within the same cycle is determined by the order of their serial ex...

  • Page 809

    One fxdsign function block is included in all ieds. Example for use of grp_off signal in fxdsign the restricted earth fault function refpdif (87n) can be used both for auto- transformers and normal transformers. When used for auto-transformers, information from both windings parts, together with the...

  • Page 810

    17.8 boolean 16 to integer conversion b16i 17.8.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number boolean 16 to integer conversion b16i - - 17.8.2 application boolean 16 to integer conversion function b16i is used to transform a set...

  • Page 811

    Name of input type default description value when activated value when deactivated in10 boolean 0 input 10 512 0 in11 boolean 0 input 11 1024 0 in12 boolean 0 input 12 2048 0 in13 boolean 0 input 13 4096 0 in14 boolean 0 input 14 8192 0 in15 boolean 0 input 15 16384 0 in16 boolean 0 input 16 32768 0...

  • Page 812

    Values of each of the different outx from function block btigapc for 1≤x≤16. The sum of the value on each inx corresponds to the integer presented on the output out on the function block btigapc. Name of input type default description value when activated value when deactivated in1 boolean 0 input 1...

  • Page 813

    17.10.2 application integer to boolean 16 conversion function (ib16) is used to transform an integer into a set of 16 binary (logical) signals. It can be used – for example, to connect integer output signals from one function to binary (logical) inputs to another function. Ib16 function does not hav...

  • Page 814

    The sum of the numbers in column “value when activated” when all inx (where 1≤x≤16) are active that is=1; is 65535. 65535 is the highest boolean value that can be converted to an integer by the ib16 function block. 17.11 integer to boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation itbgapc 17.11.1...

  • Page 815

    Name of outx type description value when activated value when deactivated out6 boolean output 6 32 0 out7 boolean output 7 64 0 out8 boolean output 8 128 0 out9 boolean output 9 256 0 out10 boolean output 10 512 0 out11 boolean output 11 1024 0 out12 boolean output 12 2048 0 out13 boolean output 13 ...

  • Page 816

    17.12.3 setting guidelines the settings talarm and twarning are user settable limits defined in seconds. The achievable resolution of the settings depends on the level of the values defined. A resolution of 10 ms can be achieved when the settings are defined within the range 1.00 second ≤ talarm ≤ 9...

  • Page 817

    Setting procedure on the ied: enaabs: this setting is used to select the comparison type between signed and absolute values. • absolute: comparison is performed on absolute values of input and reference values • signed: comparison is performed on signed values of input and reference values. Refsourc...

  • Page 818

    Setvalue shall be set between -2000000000 to 2000000000 17.14 comparator for real inputs - realcomp 17.14.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number comparator for real inputs realcomp real 17.14.2 application the function gi...

  • Page 819

    Equalbandhigh: this setting is used to set the equal condition high band limit in % of reference value. This high band limit will act as reset limit for inhigh output when inhigh. Equalbandlow: this setting is used to set the equal condition low band limit in % of reference value. This low band limi...

  • Page 820

    814.

  • Page 821

    Section 18 monitoring 18.1 measurement 18.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number power system measurements cvmmxn p, q, s, i, u, f symbol-rr v1 en - phase current measurement cmmxu i symbol-ss v1 en - phase-phase voltag...

  • Page 822

    18.1.2 application measurement functions are used for power system measurement, supervision and reporting to the local hmi, monitoring tool within pcm600 or to station level for example, via iec 61850. The possibility to continuously monitor measured values of active power, reactive power, currents,...

  • Page 823

    The cvmmxn function calculates three-phase power quantities by using fundamental frequency phasors (dft values) of the measured current and voltage signals. The measured power quantities are available either, as instantaneously calculated quantities or, averaged values over a period of time (low pas...

  • Page 824

    Relevant settings and their values on the local hmi under main menu/settings/ied settings/monitoring/servicevalues(p_q)/cvmmxn(p_q): • when system voltage falls below ugenzerodb, values for s, p, q, pf, ilag, ilead, u and f are forced to zero. • when system current falls below igenzerodb, values for...

  • Page 825

    Vmagcompy: magnitude compensation to calibrate voltage measurements at y% of vn, where y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. Imagcompy: magnitude compensation to calibrate current measurements at y% of in, where y is equal to 5, 30 or 100. Iangcompy: angle compensation to calibrate angle measurements at y% of...

  • Page 826

    Xdbrepint: this setting handles all the reporting types. If setting is deadband in xreptyp, xdbrepint defines the deadband in m% of the measuring range. For cyclic reporting type (xreptyp : cyclic), the setting value reporting interval is in seconds. Magnitude deadband is the setting value in m% of ...

  • Page 827

    100 30 5 imagcomp5 imagcomp30 imagcomp100 -10 +10 magnitude compensation % of in measured current % of in 0-5%: constant 5-30-100%: linear >100%: constant 100 30 5 iangcomp5 iangcomp30 iangcomp100 -10 +10 angle compensation degrees measured current % of in ansi05000652_3_en.Vsd ansi05000652 v3 en fi...

  • Page 828

    Measurement function application for a 380kv ohl single line diagram for this application is given in figure 392 : 380kv busbar 380kv ohl p q 800/5 a ansi09000039-1-en.Vsd 380kv 120v / 3 3 kv ied ansi09000039 v1 en figure 392: single line diagram for 380kv ohl application in order to monitor, superv...

  • Page 829

    Table 54: general settings parameters for the measurement function setting short description selected value comments operation operation off/on on function must be on powampfact amplitude factor to scale power calculations 1.000 it can be used during commissioning to achieve higher measurement accur...

  • Page 830

    Setting short description selected value comments phihilim high high limit (physical value), % of sbase 60 high alarm limit that is, extreme overload alarm, hence it will be 415 mw. Philim high limit (physical value), in % of sbase 50 high warning limit that is, overload warning, hence it will be 37...

  • Page 831

    132kv busbar 200/5 33kv busbar 500/5 p q 31.5 mva ansi09000040-1-en.Vsd 33kv 120v / 3 3 v ab ied ansi09000040 v1 en figure 393: single line diagram for transformer application in order to measure the active and reactive power as indicated in figure 393 , it is necessary to do the following: 1. Set c...

  • Page 832

    Table 57: general settings parameters for the measurement function setting short description selected value comment operation operation disabled / enabled enabled function must be enabled powampfact magnitude factor to scale power calculations 1.000 typically no scaling is required powangcomp angle ...

  • Page 833

    230kv busbar 300/5 4000/5 100 mva g p q 100 mva 15.65kv ansi09000041-1-en.Vsd 15/0.12kv v ab , v bc , ied ansi09000041 v1 en figure 394: single line diagram for generator application in order to measure the active and reactive power as indicated in figure 394 , it is necessary to do the following: 1...

  • Page 834

    Table 58: general settings parameters for the measurement function setting short description selected value comment operation operation off/on on function must be on powampfact amplitude factor to scale power calculations 1.000 typically no scaling is required powangcomp angle compensation for phase...

  • Page 835

    18.2.3 setting guidelines the parameters for gas medium supervision ssimg can be set via local hmi or protection and control manager pcm600. Operation: this is used to disable/enable the operation of gas medium supervision i.E. Off/on. Presalmlimit: this is used to set the limit for a pressure alarm...

  • Page 836

    18.3 liquid medium supervision ssiml (71) 18.3.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number insulation liquid monitoring function ssiml - 71 18.3.2 application liquid medium supervision (ssiml ,71) is used for monitoring the tr...

  • Page 837

    Tresetlevelalm: this is used for the level alarm indication to reset after a set time delay in s. Tresetlevello: this is used for the level lockout indication to reset after a set time delay in s. Tresettemplo: this is used for the temperature lockout indication to reset after a set time delay in s....

  • Page 838

    Remaining life of circuit breaker every time the breaker operates, the circuit breaker life reduces due to wear. The wear in a breaker depends on the interrupted current. For breaker maintenance or replacement at the right time, the remaining life of the breaker must be estimated. The remaining life...

  • Page 839

    Interrupted current is 10 ka, one operation is equivalent to 10000/900 = 11 operations at the rated current. It is assumed that prior to tripping, the remaining life of a breaker is 10000 operations. Remaining life calculation for three different interrupted current conditions is explained below. • ...

  • Page 840

    Circuit breaker gas pressure indication for proper arc extinction by the compressed gas in the circuit breaker, the pressure of the gas must be adequate. Binary input available from the pressure sensor is based on the pressure levels inside the arc chamber. When the pressure becomes too low compared...

  • Page 841

    Conttrcorr: correction factor for time difference in auxiliary and main contacts' opening time. Almacccurrpwr: setting of alarm level for accumulated energy. Loacccurrpwr: lockout limit setting for accumulated energy. Spchalmtime: time delay for spring charging time alarm. Tdgaspresalm: time delay f...

  • Page 842

    Events are created from any available signal in the ied that is connected to the event function (event). The event function block is used for remote communication. Analog, integer and double indication values are also transferred through the event function. 18.5.3 setting guidelines the input parame...

  • Page 843

    18.6.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number disturbance report drprdre - - disturbance report a1radr - a4radr - - disturbance report b1rbdr - b22rbdr - - 18.6.2 application to get fast, complete and reliable information a...

  • Page 844

    If the ied is connected to a station bus (iec 61850-8-1), the disturbance recorder (record made and fault number) and the fault locator information are available. The same information is obtainable if iec 60870-5-103 is used. 18.6.3 setting guidelines the setting parameters for the disturbance repor...

  • Page 845

    Trip value rec fault locator sequential of events event recorder indications disturbance recorder disturbance report binary signals analog signals drprdre fl ansi09000336-2-en.Vsdx axradr bxrbdr ansi09000336 v2 en figure 396: disturbance report functions and related function blocks for disturbance r...

  • Page 846

    Red led: steady light triggered on binary signal n with setledx = trip (or start and trip) flashing the ied is in configuration mode operation the operation of disturbance report function drprdre has to be set enabled or disabled. If disabled is selected, note that no disturbance report is registere...

  • Page 847

    18.6.3.1 recording times prefault recording time (prefaultrect) is the recording time before the starting point of the disturbance. The setting should be at least 0.1 s to ensure enough samples for the estimation of pre-fault values in the trip value recorder (tvr) function. Postfault recording time...

  • Page 848

    For each of the 352 signals, it is also possible to select if the signal is to be used as a trigger for the start of the disturbance report and if the trigger should be activated on positive (1) or negative (0) slope. Trigdrn: disturbance report may trig for binary input n (enabled) or not (disabled...

  • Page 849

    18.6.3.4 sub-function parameters all functions are in operation as long as disturbance report is in operation. Indications indicationman: indication mask for binary input n. If set (show), a status change of that particular input, will be fetched and shown in the disturbance summary on local hmi. If...

  • Page 850

    • should the function record faults only for the protected object or cover more? • how long is the longest expected fault clearing time? • is it necessary to include reclosure in the recording or should a persistent fault generate a second recording (postretrig)? Minimize the number of recordings: •...

  • Page 851

    T t inputn outputn iec09000732-1-en.Vsd iec09000732 v1 en figure 397: binstatrep logical diagram 18.7.3 setting guidelines the pulse time t is the only setting for the logical signal status report (binstatrep). Each output can be set or reset individually, but the pulse time will be the same for all...

  • Page 852

    Directional oc protection, and so on). The following loops are used for different types of faults: • for 3 phase faults: loop a-b. • for 2 phase faults: the loop between the faulted phases. • for 2 phase-to-ground faults: the loop between the faulted phases. • for phase-to-ground faults: the phase-t...

  • Page 853

    Z 0m =z 0m +jx 0m r 1a +jx 1a r 0l +jx 0l r 1l +jx 1l r 0l +jx 0l r 1l +jx 1l r 1b +jx 1b drprdre lmbrflo ansi05000045_2_en.Vsd ansi05000045 v2 en figure 398: simplified network configuration with network data, required for settings of the fault location-measuring function for a single-circuit line ...

  • Page 854

    En07000113_1_ansi.V sd a b c 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 i1 i2 i3 i5 i1 i2 i3 i5 ansi07000113 v2 en figure 399: example of connection of parallel line in for fault locator lmbrflo 18.9 limit counter l4ufcnt 18.9.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identific...

  • Page 855

    18.9.2 application limit counter (l4ufcnt) is intended for applications where positive and/or negative sides on a binary signal need to be counted. The limit counter provides four independent limits to be checked against the accumulated counted value. The four limit reach indication outputs can be u...

  • Page 856

    18.10.3 setting guidelines the settings talarm and twarning are user settable limits defined in hours. The achievable resolution of the settings is 0.1 hours (6 minutes). Talarm and twarning are independent settings, that is, there is no check if talarm > twarning. The limit for the overflow supervi...

  • Page 857

    Section 19 metering 19.1 pulse-counter logic pcfcnt 19.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number pulse-counter logic pcfcnt s00947 v1 en - 19.1.2 application pulse-counter logic (pcfcnt) function counts externally generate...

  • Page 858

    Configuration of inputs and outputs of pcfcnt is made via pcm600. On the binary input module (bim), the debounce filter default time is set to 1 ms, that is, the counter suppresses pulses with a pulse length less than 1 ms. The input oscillation blocking frequency is preset to 40 hz meaning that the...

  • Page 859

    Cvmmxn p_ inst q_ inst etpmmtr p q rstacc rstdmd startacc stopacc iec130 00190-2-en.Vsdx iec13000190 v2 en figure 400: connection of energy calculation and demand handling function etpmmtr to the measurements function (cvmmxn) the energy values can be read through communication in mwh and mvarh in m...

  • Page 860

    Operation: disabled/enabled enaacc: disabled/enabled is used to switch the accumulation of energy on and off. Tenergy: time interval when energy is measured. Tenergyonpls: gives the pulse length on time of the pulse. It should be at least 100 ms when connected to the pulse counter function block. Ty...

  • Page 861

    Section 20 ethernet-based communication 20.1 access point 20.1.1 application the access points are used to connect the ied to the communication buses (like the station bus) that use communication protocols. The access point can be used for single and redundant data communication. The access points a...

  • Page 862

    Iec61850 ed2 ieds and not editable for iec61850 ed1 ieds because in iec61850 ed1 only one access point can be modelled in scl. The ip address can be set in ip address. Ect validates the value, the access points have to be on separate subnetworks. The subnetwork mask can be set in subnet mask. This f...

  • Page 863

    20.2.2 application dynamic access point diagnostic (rchlcch) is used to supervise and assure redundant ethernet communication over two channels. This will secure data transfer even though one communication channel might not be available for some reason parallel redundancy protocol (prp) and high-ava...

  • Page 864

    Iec16000038-1-en.Vsdx ap1 phyportb phyporta ap1 phyporta phyportb ap1 phyporta phyportb ap1 phyportb phyporta device 1 device 2 device 3 device 4 iec16000038 v1 en figure 402: high-availability seamless redundancy (hsr) 20.2.3 setting guidelines redundant communication is configured with the etherne...

  • Page 865

    Iec16000039-1-en.Vsdx iec16000039 v1 en figure 403: ect screen with redundancy set to prp-1 on access point 1 and hsr access point 3 20.3 merging unit 20.3.1 application the iec/uca 61850-9-2le process bus communication protocol enables an ied to communicate with devices providing measured values in...

  • Page 866

    Iec17000044-1-en.Vsdx iec17000044 v1 en figure 404: merging unit 20.3.2 setting guidelines for information on the merging unit setting guidelines, see section iec/uca 61850-9-2le communication protocol . 20.4 routes 20.4.1 application setting up a route enables communication to a device that is loca...

  • Page 867

    Gateway specifies the address of the gateway. Destination specifies the destination. Destination subnet mask specifies the subnetwork mask of the destination. 1mrk 506 369-uus - section 20 ethernet-based communication line distance protection rel670 2.2 ansi 861 application manual.

  • Page 868

    862.

  • Page 869

    Section 21 station communication 21.1 communication protocols each ied is provided with several communication interfaces enabling it to connect to one or many substation level systems or equipment, either on the substation automation (sa) bus or substation monitoring (sm) bus. Available communicatio...

  • Page 870

    Kiosk 2 kiosk 3 station hsi base system engineering workstation sms gateway printer cc iec09000135_en.V sd kiosk 1 ied 1 ied 2 ied 3 ied 1 ied 2 ied 3 ied 1 ied 2 ied 3 iec09000135 v1 en figure 405: sa system with iec 61850–8–1 figure 406 shows the goose peer-to-peer communication. Section 21 1mrk 5...

  • Page 871

    Control protection control protection control and protection goose en05000734.Vsd station hsi microscada gateway ied a ied a ied a ied a ied a iec05000734 v1 en figure 406: example of a broadcasted goose message 21.2.2 setting guidelines there are two settings related to the iec 61850–8–1 protocol: ...

  • Page 872

    Application generic communication function for single point value (spgapc) function is used to send one single logical output to other systems or equipment in the substation. Sp16gapc can be used to send up to 16 single point values from the application functions running in the same cycle time. Spga...

  • Page 873

    Application the goose receive function blocks are used to receive subscribed data from the goose protocol. The validity of the data value is exposed as outputs of the function block as well as the validity of the communication. It is recommended to use these outputs to ensure that only valid data is...

  • Page 874

    21.3 lon communication protocol 21.3.1 application control center ied ied ied gateway star coupler rer 111 station hsi microscada iec05000663-1-en.Vsd iec05000663 v2 en figure 408: example of lon communication structure for a substation automation system an optical network can be used within the sub...

  • Page 875

    The lon protocol the lon protocol is specified in the lontalkprotocol specification version 3 from echelon corporation. This protocol is designed for communication in control networks and is a peer-to-peer protocol where all the devices connected to the network can communicate with each other direct...

  • Page 876

    21.3.2.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number multiple command and receive multicmdrcv - - multiple command and send multicmdsnd - - 21.3.2.2 application the ied provides two function blocks enabling several ieds to send ...

  • Page 877

    Ied ied ied substation lan ansi05000715-4-en.Vsd remote monitoring utility lan wan ansi05000715 v4 en figure 409: spa communication structure for a remote monitoring system via a substation lan, wan and utility lan spa communication is mainly used for the station monitoring system. It can include di...

  • Page 878

    The spa communication setting parameters are set on the local hmi under main menu/ configuration/communication/station communication/spa/spa:1. The most important spa communication setting parameters are slaveaddress and baudrate. They are essential for all communication contact to the ied. Slaveadd...

  • Page 879

    21.5 iec 60870-5-103 communication protocol 21.5.1 application tcp/ip control center ied ied ied gateway star coupler station hsi ansi05000660-4-en.Vsd ansi05000660 v4 en figure 410: example of iec 60870-5-103 communication structure for a substation automation system iec 60870-5-103 communication p...

  • Page 880

    60870-5-103, refer to iec 60870 standard part 5: transmission protocols, and to the section 103, companion standard for the informative interface of protection equipment. 21.5.1.2 design general the protocol implementation consists of the following functions: • event handling • report of analog serv...

  • Page 881

    • function commands in control direction function block with user defined functions in control direction, i103usercmd. These function blocks include the function type parameter for each block in the private range, and the information number parameter for each output signal. Status for more informati...

  • Page 882

    This block is suitable for distance protection, line differential, transformer differential, over-current and ground-fault protection functions. • autorecloser indications in monitor direction function block with defined functions for autorecloser indications in monitor direction, i103ar. This block...

  • Page 883

    21.5.2.1 settings for rs485 and optical serial communication general settings spa, dnp and iec 60870-5-103 can be configured to operate on the slm optical serial port while dnp and iec 60870-5-103 additionally can utilize the rs485 port. A single protocol can be active on a given physical port at an...

  • Page 884

    Guid-cd4eb23c-65e7-4ed5-afb1-a9d5e9ee7ca8 v3 en guid-cd4eb23c-65e7-4ed5-afb1-a9d5e9ee7ca8 v3 en figure 411: settings for iec 60870-5-103 communication the general settings for iec 60870-5-103 communication are the following: • slaveaddress and baudrate: settings for slave number and communication sp...

  • Page 885

    In addition there is a setting on each event block for function type. Refer to description of the main function type set on the local hmi. Commands as for the commands defined in the protocol there is a dedicated function block with eight output signals. Use pcm600 to configure these signals. To rea...

  • Page 886

    Dra#-input acc iec103 meaning 17 72 private range 18 73 private range 19 74 private range 20 75 private range 21 76 private range 22 77 private range 23 78 private range 24 79 private range 25 80 private range 26 81 private range 27 82 private range 28 83 private range 29 84 private range 30 85 priv...

  • Page 887

    Reg 150 private range req 245 private range rer 152 private range res 118 private range refer to the tables in the technical reference manual /station communication, specifying the information types supported by the communication protocol iec 60870-5-103. To support the information, corresponding fu...

  • Page 888

    882.

  • Page 889

    Section 22 remote communication 22.1 binary signal transfer 22.1.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number binary signal transfer, receive binsignrec1_1 binsignrec1_2 binsignreceive2 - - binary signal transfer, 2mbit receive...

  • Page 890

    Where the differential current is evaluated. If the evaluation results in a trip, the trip signal will be sent over the two communication links. Ied-a ied-b ied-c iec16000077-1-en.Vsd 3-end differential protection with two communication links ldcm312 ldcm312 ldcm313 ldcm312 iec16000077 v1 en figure ...

  • Page 891

    Ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm ld cm en06000519-2.Vsd iec06000519 v2 en figure 413: direct fibre optical connection between two ieds with ldcm the ldcm can also be used together with an external optical to galvanic g.703 converter as shown i...

  • Page 892

    Channelmode defines how an ied discards the ldcm information when one of the ieds in the system is out of service: it can either be done on the ied out of service by setting all local ldcms to channel mode outofservice or at the remote end by setting the corresponding ldcm to channel mode blocked. I...

  • Page 893

    The same is applicable for slot 312-313 and slot 322-323. Diffsync defines the method of time synchronization for the line differential function: echo or gps. Using echo in this case is safe only if there is no risk of varying transmission asymmetry. Gpssyncerr: when gps synchronization is lost, syn...

  • Page 894

    Maxtransmdelay indicates maximum transmission delay. Data for maximum 40 ms transmission delay can be buffered up. Delay times in the range of some ms are common. If data arrive in wrong order, the oldest data is disregarded. Maxtdifflevel indicates the maximum time difference allowed between intern...

  • Page 895

    Linkforwarded is used to configure the ldcm to merge the inter-trip and block signals from another ldcm-receiver. This is used when the analog signals for the ldcm- transmitter is connected to the receiver of another ldcm. 1mrk 506 369-uus - section 22 remote communication line distance protection r...

  • Page 896

    890

  • Page 897

    Section 23 security 23.1 authority status athstat 23.1.1 application authority status (athstat) function is an indication function block, which informs about two events related to the ied and the user authorization: • the fact that at least one user has tried to log on wrongly into the ied and it wa...

  • Page 898

    • built-in real time clock (in operation/out of order). • external time synchronization (in operation/out of order). Events are also generated: • whenever any setting in the ied is changed. The internal events are time tagged with a resolution of 1 ms and stored in a list. The list can store up to 4...

  • Page 899

    The binary input controlling the function is defined in act or smt. The chnglck function is configured using act. Lock binary input signal that will activate/deactivate the function, defined in act or smt. When chnglck has a logical one on its input, then all attempts to modify the ied configuration...

  • Page 900

    23.4.2 setting guidelines the function does not have any parameters available in the local hmi or pcm600. Section 23 1mrk 506 369-uus - security 894 line distance protection rel670 2.2 ansi application manual.

  • Page 901

    Section 24 basic ied functions 24.1 ied identifiers terminalid 24.1.1 application ied identifiers (terminalid) function allows the user to identify the individual ied in the system, not only in the substation, but in a whole region or a country. Use only characters a-z, a-z and 0-9 in station, objec...

  • Page 902

    24.2.2 factory defined settings the factory defined settings are very useful for identifying a specific version and very helpful in the case of maintenance, repair, interchanging ieds between different substation automation systems and upgrading. The factory made settings can not be changed by the c...

  • Page 903

    24.3.1 identification function description iec 61850 identification iec 60617 identification ansi/ieee c37.2 device number measured value expander block range_xp - - 24.3.2 application the current and voltage measurements functions (cvmmxn, cmmxu, vmmxu and vnmmxu), current and voltage sequence meas...

  • Page 904

    Parameters are available in the ied. Any of them can be activated through the different programmable binary inputs by means of external or internal control signals. A function block, setgrps, defines how many setting groups are used. Setting is done with parameter maxsetgr and shall be set to the re...

  • Page 905

    24.6 summation block 3 phase 3phsum 24.6.1 application the analog summation block 3phsum function block is used in order to get the sum of two sets of 3 phase analog signals (of the same type) for those ied functions that might need it. 24.6.2 setting guidelines the summation block receives the thre...

  • Page 906

    This is an advantage since all applicable functions in the ied use a single source of base values. This facilitates consistency throughout the ied and also facilitates a single point for updating values when necessary. Each applicable function in the ied has a parameter, globalbasesel, defining one ...

  • Page 907

    24.9.1 application the signal matrix for binary outputs function smbo is used within the application configuration tool in direct relation with the signal matrix tool. Smbo represents the way binary outputs are sent from one ied configuration. 24.9.2 setting guidelines there are no setting parameter...

  • Page 908

    24.11.2 frequency values the smai function includes a functionality based on the level of positive sequence voltage, minvalfreqmeas, to validate if the frequency measurement is valid or not. If the positive sequence voltage is lower than minvalfreqmeas, the function freezes the frequency output valu...

  • Page 909

    The outputs from the above configured smai block shall only be used for overfrequency protection (saptof, 81), underfrequency protection (saptuf, 81) and rate-of-change frequency protection (sapfrc, 81) due to that all other information except frequency and positive sequence voltage might be wrongly...

  • Page 910

    Globalbasesel: selects the global base value group used by the function to define (ibase), (vbase) and (sbase). Minvalfreqmeas: the minimum value of the voltage for which the frequency is calculated, expressed as percent of vbase (for each instance n). Settings dftrefextout and dftreference shall be...

  • Page 911

    Iec07000197.Vsd smai instance 3 phase group smai1:1 1 smai2:2 2 smai3:3 3 smai4:4 4 smai5:5 5 smai6:6 6 smai7:7 7 smai8:8 8 smai9:9 9 smai10:10 10 smai11:11 11 smai12:12 12 task time group 1 smai instance 3 phase group smai1:13 1 smai2:14 2 smai3:15 3 smai4:16 4 smai5:17 5 smai6:18 6 smai7:19 7 smai...

  • Page 912

    Down of the machine. In other application the usual setting of the parameter dftreference of smai is internaldftref. Example 1 ansi07000198.Vsd smai1:1 block dftspfc ^grp1_a ^grp1_b ^grp1_c ^grp1_n type spfcout ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain smai1:13 block dftspfc ^grp1_a ^grp1_b ^grp1_c ^grp1_n type spfc...

  • Page 913

    Example 2 ansi07000198.Vsd smai1:13 block dftspfc ^grp1_a ^grp1_b ^grp1_c ^grp1_n type spfcout ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain smai1:1 block dftspfc ^grp1_a ^grp1_b ^grp1_c ^grp1_n type spfcout ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4 ain smai1:25 block dftspfc ^grp1_a ^grp1_b ^grp1_c ^grp1_n type spfcout ai3p ai1 ai2 ai3 ai4...

  • Page 914

    24.12 test mode functionality testmode 24.12.1 application the protection and control ieds may have a complex configuration with many included functions. To make the testing procedure easier, the ieds include the feature that allows individual blocking of a single-, several-, or all functions. This ...

  • Page 915

    When the setting operation is set to off, the behavior is set to off and it is not possible to override it. When a behavior of a function is offthe function will not execute. When iec 61850 mod of a function is set to off or blocked, the start led on the lhmi will be set to flashing to indicate the ...

  • Page 916

    Different locations can be easily performed and a more accurate view of the actual sequence of events can be obtained. Time-tagging of internal events and disturbances are an excellent help when evaluating faults. Without time synchronization, only the events within one ied can be compared with each...

  • Page 917

    Time synchronization source. Or if gps and sntp are selected, when the gps signal quality is bad, the ied will automatically choose sntp as the time-source. If ptp is activated, the device with the best accuracy within the synchronizing group will be selected as the source. For more information abou...

  • Page 918

    • gps+spa • gps+lon • gps+bin • sntp • gps+sntp • irig-b • gps+irig-b • pps coarsesyncsrc which can have the following values: • disabled • spa • lon • dnp • iec 60870-5-103 the function input to be used for minute-pulse synchronization is called bininput. For a description of the bininput settings,...

  • Page 919

    Ptp can be set to on,off or slave only. When set to slave only the ied is connected to the ptp-group and will synchronize to the grandmaster but cannot function as the grandmaster. A ptp-group is set up by connecting the ieds to a network and enabling ptp. To set one ied as the grandmaster change pr...

  • Page 920

    Setting example 9-2 rec ptp ptp station bus gps sam600-ts sam600-ct sam600-vt ptp ptp 9-2 ptp rel mu gtm pps iec16000167-1-en.Vsdx 9-2 9-2 9-2 process bus iec16000167 v1 en figure 420: example system figure 420 describes an example system. The rec and rel are both using the 9-2 stream from the sam60...

  • Page 921

    Section 25 requirements 25.1 current transformer requirements the performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of the measured current signal. Saturation of the current transformers (cts) will cause distortion of the current signals and can result in a failure to operate or cause ...

  • Page 922

    Of the level of remanent flux, these cts are also classified as for example, class tpx, p and px according to iec. The iec tr 61869-100, edition 1.0 2017-01, instrument transformers – guidance for application of current transformers in power system protection, is the first official document that hig...

  • Page 923

    High remanence level in a protection core ct can cause the following problems for protection ieds: 1. Unwanted operation of differential (i.E. Unit) protections for external faults 2. Unacceptably delayed or even missing operation of all types of protections (for example, distance, differential, ove...

  • Page 924

    Security, for example, faults in reverse direction and external faults. Because of the almost negligible risk of additional time delays and the non-existent risk of failure to operate the remanence have not been considered for the dependability cases. The requirements below are therefore fully valid...

  • Page 925

    As the burden can be considerable different for three-phase faults and phase-to-ground faults it is important to consider both cases. Even in a case where the phase-to-ground fault current is smaller than the three-phase fault current the phase-to-ground fault can be dimensioning for the ct dependin...

  • Page 926

    S n r a l a lre q ct l 2 pn n k ma x i i s e e r r i i ³ = × + + æ ö × ç ÷ è ø equation1675 v1 en (equation 536) s n r a l a lre q ct l 2 pn n kzone1 i i s e e r r i i ³ = × + + æ ö × ç ÷ è ø equation1676 v1 en (equation 537) where: i kmax maximum primary fundamental frequency current for close-in f...

  • Page 927

    A this factor depends on the design of the protection function and can be a function of the primary dc time constant of the close-in fault current. K this factor depends on the design of the protection function and can be a function of the primary dc time constant of the fault current for a fault at...

  • Page 928

    25.1.7 current transformer requirements for cts according to other standards all kinds of conventional magnetic core cts are possible to use with the ieds if they fulfill the requirements corresponding to the above specified expressed as the rated equivalent limiting secondary e.M.F. E al according ...

  • Page 929

    25.1.7.3 current transformers according to ansi/ieee current transformers according to ansi/ieee are partly specified in different ways. A rated secondary terminal voltage v ansi is specified for a ct of class c. V ansi is the secondary terminal voltage the ct will deliver to a standard burden at 20...

  • Page 930

    25.2 voltage transformer requirements the performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of the measured input signal. Transients caused by capacitive coupled voltage transformers (ccvts) can affect some protection functions. Magnetic or capacitive voltage transformers can be used. ...

  • Page 931

    25.5 sample specification of communication requirements for the protection and control terminals in digital telecommunication networks the communication requirements are based on echo timing. Bit error rate (ber) according to itu-t g.821, g.826 and g.828 • -6 according to the standard for data and v...

  • Page 932

    • format: transparent • maximum channel delay • loop time ied with echo synchronization of differential clock (without gps clock) • both channels must have the same route with maximum asymmetry of 0,2-0,5 ms, depending on set sensitivity of the differential protection. • a fixed asymmetry can be com...

  • Page 933

    Section 26 glossary ac alternating current acc actual channel act application configuration tool within pcm600 a/d converter analog-to-digital converter adbs amplitude deadband supervision adm analog digital conversion module, with time synchronization ai analog input ansi american national standard...

  • Page 934

    Cb circuit breaker cbm combined backplane module ccitt consultative committee for international telegraph and telephony. A united nations-sponsored standards body within the international telecommunications union. Ccm can carrier module ccvt capacitive coupled voltage transformer class c protection ...

  • Page 935

    Dbll dead bus live line dc direct current dfc data flow control dft discrete fourier transform dhcp dynamic host configuration protocol dip-switch small switch mounted on a printed circuit board di digital input dllb dead line live bus dnp distributed network protocol as per ieee std 1815-2012 dr di...

  • Page 936

    Ftp file transfer protocol fun function type g.703 electrical and functional description for digital lines used by local telephone companies. Can be transported over balanced and unbalanced lines gcm communication interface module with carrier of gps receiver module gde graphical display editor with...

  • Page 937

    Ieee p1386.1 pci mezzanine card (pmc) standard for local bus modules. References the cmc (ieee p1386, also known as common mezzanine card) standard for the mechanics and the pci specifications from the pci sig (special interest group) for the electrical emf (electromotive force). Ieee 1686 standard ...

  • Page 938

    Lcd liquid crystal display ldcm line data communication module ldd local detection device led light-emitting diode lnt lon network tool lon local operating network mcb miniature circuit breaker mcm mezzanine carrier module mim milli-ampere module mpm main processing module mval value of measurement ...

  • Page 939

    Por permissive overreach pott permissive overreach transfer trip process bus bus or lan used at the process level, that is, in near proximity to the measured and/or controlled components prp parallel redundancy protocol psm power supply module pst parameter setting tool within pcm600 ptp precision t...

  • Page 940

    Smt signal matrix tool within pcm600 sms station monitoring system sntp simple network time protocol – is used to synchronize computer clocks on local area networks. This reduces the requirement to have accurate hardware clocks in every embedded system in a network. Each embedded node can instead sy...

  • Page 941

    Typ type identification umt user management tool underreach a term used to describe how the relay behaves during a fault condition. For example, a distance relay is underreaching when the impedance presented to it is greater than the apparent impedance to the fault applied to the balance point, that...

  • Page 942

    936.

  • Page 943

    937.

  • Page 944

    — abb ab grid automation products 721 59 västerås, sweden phone: +46 (0) 21 32 50 00 abb.Com/protection-control © copyright 2017 abb. All rights reserved. Specifications subject to change without notice. 1mrk 506 36 9-uus.